Citizen Emperor (154 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 65 . | Outlined with maps in Battesti, Trafalgar . |
| 66 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 206–7. |
| 67 . | See, for example, Corr. ix. nos. 7677, 8060 (7 April, 29 September 1804); x. nos. 8206, 8209, 8231, 8232 (12 and 23 December 1804), 8279, 8654 (16 January and 29 April 1805);Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 553–4; Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 173–8. |
| 68 . | See Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 226–7. |
| 69 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 229–36. |
| 70 . | According to Ségur, Histoire et mémoires , ii. pp. 329–37, when later Napoleon found out the details about the engagement, he too went into a fit, under the impression that Villeneuve had wasted an opportunity and had again bottled up the fleet. |
| 71 . | Corr. xi. n. 9066 (11 August 1805). |
| 72 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 240–2. |
| 73 . | Desbrière, Projets et tentatives de débarquement , iv. pt 3, pp. 775–86. |
| 74 . | Corr. xi. n. 9220 (15 September 1805). |
| 75 . | On the tergiversations surrounding the departure, including at one stage a written refusal on the part of the naval officers to leave port, see Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 295–304. |
| 76 . | John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I , 2 vols (London, 1902), ii. pp. 26–8. The literature on the battle is vast. Among the better, more recent works are: Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 307–56; Tim Clayton and Phil Craig, Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm (London, 2004); Roy Adkins, Trafalgar: The Biography of a Battle (London, 2004); Adam Nicolson, Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of the English Hero (London, 2005). |
| 77 . | There was, as a result, some speculation among contemporaries about whether he was murdered. See Henry Rollin, ‘L’amiral Villeneuve et Napoléon’, Revue des études napoléoniennes , 3 (1913), 200–34; Dupont, L’amiral Decrès et Napoléon , pp. 175–6; Battesti, Trafalgar , pp. 308–10. |
| 78 . | Dupont, L’amiral Decrès et Napoléon , pp. 176 and 303–12. |
| 79 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 325. |
| 80 . | Adkins, Trafalgar , p. 24; Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 283. |
| 81 . | See Samuel Horsley, The Watchers and the Holy Ones: A Sermon (London, 1806), pp. 24–7. |
| 82 . | Corr. xi. n. 9069 (13 August 1805). |
| 83 . | Corr. xi. n. 9070 (13 August 1805). |
| 84 . | Corr. xi. n. 9115 (22 August 1805). |
| 85 . | Corr. xi. nos. 9120, and 9117 (23 August 1805). |
| 86 . | Corr. xi. nos. 9038, 9068, 9069 and 9070 (3, 12 and 13 August 1805); Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 547. |
| 87 . | See, for example, his letters to Domenico Pino in Corr. x. n. 8581 (13 April 1805). |
| 88 . | Paul-Claude Alombert and Jean Colin, La campagne de 1805 en Allemagne , 4 vols (Paris, 1902–8), i. pp. 20, 29–30 and 32–4 (23 January 1805). |
| 89 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 285. |
| 90 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 231–54, 255–82. |
| 91 . | Corr. x. n. 8791 (26 May 1805); Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 295–6. My thanks to Frederick Kagan for this point on Murat’s knowledge of the treaty. |
| 92 . | Corr. x. n. 8790 (26 May 1805). |
| 93 . | Corr. xi. n. 9032 (31 July 1805); and Campagnes de la grande armée et de l’armée d’Italie en l’an XIV (1805) (Paris, 1806), pp. 51–9 (the letter is dated 17 thermidor an XIII). |
| 94 . | Declaration from the court of Vienna to Napoleon, 5 August 1805, in Leopold von Neumann (ed.), Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par l’Autriche avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1763 jusqu’à nos jours , 12 vols (Vienna, 1877–88), ii. pp. 162–7. |
| 95 . | Corr. xi. n. 9070 (13 August 1805). |
| 96 . | See Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 307–13; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. p. 154. |
| 97 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 362. |
| 98 . | See Creveld, ‘Napoleon and the Dawn of Operational Warfare’, pp. 18–24. |
| 99 . | Englund, Napoleon , p. 273. |
100
. James A. Arnold, ‘A Reappraisal of Column versus Line in the Peninsular War’,
Journal of Military History
, 68 (2004), 540; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 58.
101
. Bertaud,
Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien
, p. 70.
102
. Raymond de Montesquiou-Fezensac,
Souvenirs militaires de 1804 à 1814
(Paris, 1870), pp. 31–3.
103
. Ideville,
Le maréchal Bugeaud
, p. 71.
104
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 377; and on the difficulties of supplying the army see Martin van Creveld,
Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 42–61.
105
. Ideville,
Le maréchal Bugeaud
, pp. 71, 74.
106
. Montesquiou-Fezensac,
Souvenirs militaires
, pp. 64–5.
107
. For one case of a quartermaster, Jean-Baptiste Charles de Tersac, twenty-one years of age, who died of ‘exhaustion’ as a direct consequence of the forced marches and the ensuing battle, see J.-J. Hemardinquer, ‘Mort d’épuisement après Austerlitz’,
Revue de l’Institut Napoléon
, 134 (1978), 115.
108
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 343.
109
. It is a point raised by Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, p. 396; Gates,
The Napoleonic Wars
, p. 24. See also Christopher Duffy,
Austerlitz 1805
(London, 1977), p. 48; and Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 400, 423, 429.
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