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Authors: Philip Dwyer

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113
. Bovet,
Notice sur les solennités célébrées à Strasbourg . . . le jour du couronnement de Napoléon .
. . (Strasbourg, 1804).
 
114
. Rémusat,
Mémoires
, i. p. 80.
 
115
. See Masson,
Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon
, pp. 257–60.
 
116
. Chatel de Brancion,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 313.
 
117
. Hauterive,
La police secrète du premier Empire
, i. p. 222 (24 December 1804), and pp. 207, 249; ii. p. 110 (15 December 1804; 16 January; 5 October 1805).
 
118
. Bertaud,
Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien
, pp. 416–17.
 
119
. Cited in Gaubert,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 184.
 
120
. See the
Moniteur universel
, 3, 4 and 5 December 1804. The pretext used was that ‘The magnitude of these solemnities, the order, the brilliance and the pomp with which they were celebrated . . . does not allow the freedom to depict so succinctly such a magnificent spectacle.’
 
121
. Cited in Gaubert,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 235.

CONQUEST, 1805–1807

10: ‘The Rage of Conquest and Ambition’

1
.
For the following see Edouard Driault,
Napoléon en Italie
(Paris, 1906), pp. 62–81; Albert Pingaud,
La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord (1796–1805): Bonaparte, président de la République italienne
, 2 vols (Paris, 1914), i. pp. 264–381; André Fugier,
Napoléon et l’Italie
(Paris, 1947), pp. 159–64; Desmond Gregory,
Napoleon’s Italy
(Madison, 2001), pp. 45–66; Alain Pillepich,
Napoléon et les Italiens: République italienne et Royaume d’Italie, 1802–1814
(Paris, 2003), pp. 51–69.
2
.
Pillepich,
Napoléon et les Italiens
, p. 58.
3
.
Driault,
Napoléon en Italie
, pp. 292–339; Pingaud,
La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord
, ii. pp. 392–401; Fugier,
Napoléon et l’Italie
, p. 159.
4
.
According to Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédites
, ii. pp. 26–7, Napoleon never had any intention of giving the Italian crown to Joseph, or to anyone else for that matter. Historians have mirrored these sentiments: Harold C. Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’,
Journal of Modern History
, 2 (1930), 548–9; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics
, p. 266; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 169–70. A good general overview of the history of Italy during this period is to be found in Christopher Duggan,
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796
(London, 2007), esp. ch. 2.
5
.
Corr.
x. n. 8250 (1 January 1805).
6
.
For this see Roederer,
Oeuvres
, iii. pp. 520–2; Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, iii. pp. 4–18; Driault,
Napoléon en Italie
, pp. 307–14; Haegele,
Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte
, pp. 170–2.
7
.
Pingaud,
La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord
, ii. pp. 437–8; Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, iii. pp. 18–20.
8
.
Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, iii. pp. 31–4.
9
.
On this episode see Carola Oman,
Napoleon’s Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais
(London, 1966), pp. 169–79; Françoise de Bernardy,
Eugène de Beauharnais: 1781–1824
(Paris, 1973), pp. 107–28; Alain Pillepich,
Eugène de Beauharnais: honneur et fidélité
(Paris, 1999), pp. 14–18. Napoleon then set about instructing his stepson on how to become a ruler. Much of the correspondence can be found in Albert Du Casse (ed.),
Mémoires et correspondance politique et militaire du prince Eugène
, 10 vols (Paris, 1858–60), i. pp. 110–265.
10
.
Gregory,
Napoleon’s Italy
, pp. 68–9.
11
.
Asserts Alain Pillepich, ‘Napoléon Ier et la couronne de fer’, in Graziella Buccellati and Annamaria Ambrosioni (eds),
La corona, il regno e l’impero: un millennio di storia
, 2 vols (Milan, 1995–9), i. p. 202.
12
.
Corr.
x. n. 8445 (17 March 1805).
13
.
Napoleon’s interference in Italy was fundamental in pushing Austria into the arms of the Third Coalition (Driault,
Napoléon en Italie
, pp. 313–14).
14
.
See, for example, Bigarré,
Mémoires
, p. 152.
15
.
Pingaud,
La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord
, ii. pp. 399–449; Gregory,
Napoleon’s Italy
, p. 67.
16
.
Contends Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 169. See Pillepich, ‘Napoléon Ier et la couronne de fer’, pp. 203–4; Valla,
La nostalgie de l’Empire
, pp. 81–104. It was not the same crown used in the coronation of Charlemagne.
17
.
For the following see Adolf Beer,
Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik, 1801–1810
(Leipzig, 1877), pp. 82–91; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics
, pp. 268–9.
18
.
Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 139.
19
.
On the Franco-Bavarian alliance see Harold C. Deutsch,
The Genesis of Napoleonic Imperialism
(Cambridge, Mass., 1938), pp. 238–53; Marcel Dunan,
Napoléon et l’Allemagne: la Système Continentale et les débuts du Royaume de Bavière, 1806–1810
(Paris, 1943), pp. 8–22; Marcus Junkelmann,
Napoleon und Bayern: von den Anfängen des Königreiches
(Regensburg, 1985), pp. 85–97.
20
.
Corr.
x. n. 8282 (22 January 1805).
21
.
Pitt left the formation of the new coalition to Russia. John M. Sherwig,
Guineas and Gunpowder: British Foreign Aid in the Wars with France, 1793–1815
(Cambridge, 1969), pp. 149–51.
22
.
Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 219.
23
.
Alexander to La Harpe, in Jean Charles Biaudet and Françoise Nicod (eds),
Correspondance de Frédéric-César de La Harpe et Alexandre Ier
, 3 vols (Neuchâtel, 1978–80), ii. pp. 44–5 (7 July 1803).
24
.
Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 255.
25
.
Cited in Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 252.
26
.
Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 248–9; Janet M. Hartley,
Alexander I
(London, 1994), pp. 60, 68, 70–1; Marie-Pierre Rey,
Alexandre Ier
(Paris, 2009), pp. 197–205.
27
.
Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 152–62.
28
.
Cited in Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 248.
29
.
Talleyrand to Oubril, 9 thermidor an XII (28 June 1804), in
Sbornik
, lxxvii. pp. 681–4.
30
.
Vneshniaia politika rossi
, ii. n. 104 (17 February 1805).

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