China 1945: Mao's Revolution and America's Fateful Choice (72 page)

“And you do the same”:
Ibid.

“Hurley flushed”:
Davies, p. 239.

an extraordinary ensuing scene:
Wedemeyer, p. 319.

“wants to dispatch to America”:
Barbara Tuchman, “If Mao Had Come to Washington,”
Foreign Affairs
51 (Oct. 1972).

“to create a large new strip”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 168.

“certain officers”:
Ibid., p. 176.

“I did not know”:
Ibid.

“a little confused”:
John Paton Davies,
Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), p. 385.

The Communists had guerrillas:
Yu, p. 166.

to be assigned:
Ibid., p. 167.

Ye suggested that the Communists:
Davies,
Dragon by the Tail,
p. 361.

“offered all the cooperation”:
Ibid, p. 362.

“underestimated the influence”:
Ibid.

“deviated so far to the right”:
Ibid.

“I did not inquire”:
Ibid., p. 363.

they drew up an ambitious plan:
Memo from Willis Bird to chief of staff, subject: Yenan trip, 24 Jan. 1945, RG 38, Entry 148, Box 7, Folder 103, “Dixie.” Cited in Yu, p. 187.

“It was most embarrassing”:
Wedemeyer, p. 313.

“unauthorized loose discussions”:
Yu, p. 93.

Wedemeyer held a press conference:
New York Times,
Feb. 15, 1945.

no way for Mao to have known:
Sheng, pp. 93, 211.

“in order to get take full advantage”:
Ibid., p. 93.

“Do not be afraid”:
Zhou Enlai,
Zhou Enlai nianpu
[Chronological Record of Zhou Enlai] (Beijing: Peoples’ Publishing Co., 1991), pp. 600–603.

mass rally of twenty thousand:
New York Times,
Nov. 17, 1944.

“their own selfish interests”:
FRUS
, 1945, vol. 5, pp. 817–20.

“We must clearly realize”:
Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas,
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), p. 249.

“cause further trouble”:
FRUS
, 1945, vol. 5, p. 843.

“sphere of influence”:
S. M. Plokhy,
Yalta: The Price of Peace
(New York: Viking, 2010), p. 131.

This required that Roosevelt travel:
Rudy Abrahamson,
Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averill Harriman,
1891–1986 (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 370.

“free, independent, and powerful Poland”:
Plokhy, pp. 166–67.

“to restore their sovereignty”:
James Reardon-Anderson,
Yenan and the Great Power: The Origins of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 74.

“the shabbiest sort”:
Isaacson and Thomas, p. 246.

“dictating terms to the Japanese”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 248.

urged Roosevelt to get the Russians:
Ibid., p. 250.

“By the time of the Yalta Conference”:
Tsou, p. 71.

First, he wanted to restore:
Plokhy, pp. 223–24.

Roosevelt in a difficult position:
Ibid., pp. 224–25.

Harriman didn’t like it:
Abrahamson, p. 390.

“The prescription for this”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 247.

“happiness, prosperity or stability”:
John Lewis Gaddis,
George F. Kennan: An American Life
(New York: Penguin Press, 2011), p. 188.

“leapfrog over my top-hatted head”:
Abrahamson, p. 345.

“Russia promises”:
Life,
Sept. 10, 1945.

“masterful and effective”:
Gaddis, p. 189.

Zhou wrote a lengthy inner-party report:
Sheng, p. 82.

“Chiang could not whip us”:
Lynne Joiner,
Honorable Survivor: Mao’s China, McCarthy’s America, and the Persecution of John S. Service
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), pp. 130–31.

“strong ties of sympathy”:
Joseph W. Esherick, ed.,
Lost Chance in China: The World War II Dispatches of John S. Service
(New York: Random House, 1974), pp. 372–73.

“a single gun or bullet”:
Ibid., p. 383.

“Politically, any orientation”:
Ibid., p. 308.

Davies weighed in with a memo:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 337–38.

“this hypocritical foreign devil”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 346.

“Marxism apart from Chinese peculiarities”:
Ibid., p. 326.

“correct and circumspect”:
Time,
June 18, 1945.

he had found no evidence:
Esherick, pp. 350–53.

“unrealistic”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 232.

“to radically alter the correlation”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 343.

“ally ourselves with the Soviet Union”:
Mao Zedong, “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship,”
Selected Works of Mao Zedong,
vol. 4 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press), online edition,
www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm
.

“the CCP would be able”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 343.

“squeezed like a lemon”:
Robert Carson North,
Moscow and Chinese Communists
(Stanford, CA: Standford University Press, 1963), p. 96.

“Communists the world over”:
Mao, “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship.”

sheltered in Shanghai:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 250.

offspring of dedicated Chinese revolutionaries:
Sin-Lin,
Shattered Families, Broken Dreams: Little-Known Episodes from the History of the Persecution of Chinese Revolutionaries in Stalin’s Gulag,
trans. Steven I. Levine (Portland, ME: Merwin Asia, 2012), pp. 86–89.

“In our hearts protest burns”:
Ibid., p. 91.

“What you are talking about”:
Ibid., p. 118.

“the shores of socialism”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 329.

“the new international trust”:
Sheng, p. 58.

organized a Harvard Club:
White,
In Search,
p. 73.

“imperialist procuress”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 310.

a public self-criticism:
Sheng, p. 31.

a radio contact to communicate:
Sheng, pp. 22–23.

numerous financial contributions:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 334.

“shattered the intrigues”:
Mao, “Interview With New China Daily correspondents on the New International Situation,” Sept. 1, 1939, in
Collected Works,
vol. 2, online at
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_17.html
.

“slaughterhouse of imperialist war”:
Ibid., p. 70.

“enlightened bourgeois politician”:
Ibid., p. 72.

“Their capitalists”:
Mao, “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship.”

“rely on the people”:
Sheng, p. 49.

Mao endorsed the new agreement:
Ibid., p. 71.

“if they are antifascist”:
Ibid., p. 73.

“to stand with you”:
Taylor, p. 188.

“There is no such thing”:
Lyman P. Van Slyke, ed.
The Chinese Communist Movement: A Report of the United States War Department, July
1945 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 220.

“We shall never agree to that”:
Sheng, p. 90.

One of Hurley’s biographers:
Buhite, p. 191.

Little Whiskers:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 115.

“We would write dispatches”:
Ringwalt, oral history.

The dispatch was never sent:
Ibid.

“I pause to observe”:
Feis, p. 222.

what Hurley seemed most interested in:
Kahn, p. 149.

“There is no valid reason”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 201.

“liberal democratic”:
Ibid., p. 158.

“this inability to engage”:
Ibid., p. 157.

“one means to an end”:
Ibid., p. 218.

“They overdid it”:
Gary May,
China Scapegoat: The Diplomatic Ordeal of John Carter Vincent
(Washington, DC: New Republic Books, 1979), p. 120.

“ascribe all virtue”:
Ibid.

The best option for the United States:
Ibid., p. 124.

“a degree of flexibility”:
Romanus and Sutherland,
Time Runs Out,
p. 337.

“fear and suspicion”:
Taylor, p. 302.

“sold out”:
Ibid.

“a stinging reprimand to Tsou”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 239–40.

“if they didn’t do something”:
Kahn, p. 152.

“They’ll say we’re all traitors”:
Ibid.

all of the political officers:
Feis, p. 268.

“inform Chiang Kai-shek”:
FRUS
, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 87–92.

“secure the cooperation of all Chinese”:
Feis, p. 271.

“a full array”:
Lohbeck, p. 381.

“the President upheld Hurley”:
Feis, p. 272.

“seize control of China”:
May, p. 126.

a widely covered press conference:
New York Times,
Apr. 3, 1945.

“American diplomats”:
Buhite, p. 203.

a deal between Moscow and Chungking:
Ibid., pp. 203–205.

“There was ample advice”:
Kahn, p. 158.

Okamura had 820,000 men:
Romanus and Sutherland,
Time Runs Out,
p. 49.

“the feeling of victory”:
Bix, p. 362.

2.7 million noncombatants:
Ibid., p. 366.

“For many years”:
New York Times,
Feb. 9, 1945.

At night, the pilots and maintenance crews:
Severeid, pp. 337–38.

“apathetic and unintelligent”:
Romanus and Sutherland,
Time Runs Out,
pp. 53–54.

“We can throw in”:
Ibid., p. 62.

Okamura’s supply lines were overextended:
Ibid., pp. 174–75.

“a dry cackle”:
Ibid., p. 176.

“empty runways”:
Ibid., p. 179.

“held stoutly”:
Ibid., p. 282.

“holding well”:
Ibid.

“Whenever the situation changed”:
Ibid., p. 285.

“complete success”:
Ibid., pp. 285–86.

Chiang backed down:
Ibid., p. 287.

“real progress”:
Ibid., p. 290.

Mao’s apotheosis was a gradual thing:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 342.

to plant the first grain of millet:
Short, p. 393.

About half of the party members:
Chang and Halliday, p. 269.

Stalin’s short course was translated:
Short, p. 393.

admitted that his past opposition:
Ibid., p. 395.

“various anti-party activities”:
Panstov and Levine, p. 338.

a Solomonic judgment:
Ibid.

“Mao Zedong’s contribution”:
Ibid., p. 339.

gave credit to Mao for the battle of Pinxingguan:
Sheng, p. 44. Chang and Halliday, p. 269.

“Beyond all doubt”:
Mao, “On Coalition Government,”
Selected Works,
vol. 3.

“the deep, stinking pit”:
Liberation Daily,
July 11, 1945.

“Can we Chinese succeed?”:
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong yu Mosike di Ennen-yuanyuan
[The Love-Hate Relationship Between Mao Zedong and Moscow] (Nanchang: Jiangxi Renmin Chuban [Jiangxi People’s Publishing Co.], 1999), pp. 519–20.

“Who is our leader?”:
Chang and Halliday, p. 282.

“the faraway water”:
Yang Kuisong,
Zhonggong yu Mosike di Guanxi
[Relations Between the Chinese Communists and Moscow] (Nanchang: Jiangxi Renmin Chuban She [Jiangxi People’s Publishing Co.], 1997), pp. 519–20.

“overly friendly with the Reds”:
May, p. 169. Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh,
The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 54.

“the FBI’s quiet supersleuths”:
Time,
June 18, 1945.

President Truman told Congress:
New York Times,
June 2, 1945.

“I’ll get that son of a bitch”:
Klehr and Radosh, p. 26.

“something real big”:
Kahn, p. 169.

Alsop had told him:
Klehr and Radosh, p. 20.

“designated leaker”:
Ibid., p. 62.

found what appeared to be:
Ibid., p. 31.

“very secret”:
Kahn, p. 168.

columns early on denouncing the FBI arrests:
Klehr and Radosh, p. 100.

“sensational proof”:
Ibid., p. 98.

The Scripps-Howard chain:
Kahn, p. 170.

“The arrest of the six people”:
Liberation Daily,
June 25, 1945.

“a hundred times more democratic”:
Ibid., July 11 and July 20, 1945.

“many unburied bodies”:
NARA, RG 226, Box 148, Folder 9.

“For eight years”:
Ibid.

had come from bribes:
Yu, pp. 220–21.

the Spaniel Mission was being dispatched:
Ibid.

“no prior notice”:
Ibid.

“treating them kindly”:
Ibid., p. 223. NARA, minutes of Wedemeyer meeting with Mao, Aug. 30, 1945.