China 1945: Mao's Revolution and America's Fateful Choice (70 page)

“I now understand”:
Ibid., pp. 287–88.

“compulsive and stormy sobbing”:
Ibid., p. 289.

“the most severe humiliation”:
Ibid.

“Rejoice with me”:
Ibid., p. 291.

“patronizing attitude”:
Ibid., p. 289.

“is a professional, works hard”:
Ibid., pp. 291–92.

“My heart is broken,”
Ibid., p. 292.

“Stilwell’s every act”:
FRUS
, 1944, p. 170; Taylor, p. 294.

Stilwell invited the correspondents:
Peter Rand,
China Hands: The Adventures and Ordeals of the American Journalists Who Joined Forces with the Great Chinese Revolution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 246.

“STILWELL BREAK”:
New York Times,
Oct. 31, 1944.

“The record of General Stilwell”:
Lohbeck, p. 305.

“small, graceful, fine-boned man”:
Wedemeyer, p. 277.

“how many people”:
Ibid.

“He seemed shy”:
Ibid., p. 278.

“we would have no difficulties”:
Ibid.

“I have now concluded”:
Romanus and Sutherland,
Time Runs Out,
p. 52.

“underlay most of China’s military problems”:
Ibid., p. 65.

“Conditions are really bad”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 7.

Early in 1932:
Peter Harmsen,
Shanghai
1937:
Stalingrad on the Yangtze
(Philadelphia: Casemate, 2013), p. 20.

“We Sympathize”:
Michael Schaller,
The U.S. Crusade in China,
1938–1945 (New York; Columbia University Press, 1979), p. 42.

one hundred billion dollars:
Arthur Waldron, “China’s New Remembering: The Case of Zhang Zhizhong,”
Modern Asian Studies
30, no. 4 (Oct. 1996): 948.

“When no outside pressure”:
Graham Peck,
Two Kinds of Time: Life in Provincial China During the Crucial Years
1940–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Sentry Edition, 1967), p. 298.

“boom towns”:
Ibid., p. 298.

“sheltered well over a hundred thousand”:
Ibid., p. 241.

“After each lengthening raid”:
Ibid., pp. 244–45.

“the road to the west”:
Ibid., p. 252.

“piled with the families”:
Ibid., p. 256.

“The difficulty of survival”:
Ibid., p. 27.

“Public spirit, generosity”:
John K. Fairbank, introduction to Peck, p. 3.

“You have seen misery”:
John F. Melby,
Mandate of Heaven: Records of a Civil War, China,
1945–1949 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), p. 21.

“Everything went on in the streets”:
Ruth Altman Greene,
Hsiang-ya Journal
(Hamden, CT: Archon Press, 1977), p. 6.

It was a quiet, privileged campus:
Edward Gulick,
Teaching in Wartime China: A Photo Memoir,
1937–1939 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), pp. 72–73.

“as foreign eccentrics”:
Ibid., p. 74.

“we all live like lords”:
Nora B. Stirling,
Pearl Buck: A Woman in Conflict
(Piscataway, NJ: New Century Publishing, 1983), p. 57.

Joseph Stilwell, at the time:
Greene, p. 111.

“the arsenal behind the hospital”:
Ibid.

Chiang came to Changsha:
Diane Lary,
The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation,
1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 63.

“With the running off”:
Greene, p. 112.

“going like a bonfire”:
Ibid., p. 113.

“the fires blazed”:
Ibid., p. 114.

The fire was a consequence:
New York Times
, Nov. 21, 1938.

Soong Mei-ling:
Greene, p. 114.

More than 21,000 buildings:
Lary, pp. 63–64.

“I stood at Pa Ko T’in”:
Gulick, pp. 238–39.

“Changsha, and various industrial points”:
Greene, p. 115.

“counterbalanced by the filth”:
Tuchman, p. 144.

“No worse luck”:
Martha Gellhorn,
The Face of War
(New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988), p. 77.

“smoky, with gray walls”:
Cecil Beaton,
Chinese Diary & Album
(Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 12.

half the people of the country:
Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby,
Thunder Out of China
(New York: William Sloan Associates, 1946), p. xiii.

life expectancy in China:
Nancy E. Riley, “China’s Population: New Trends and Challenges,”
Population Bulletin
59, no. 2 (June 2004): 6.

“Over a large area of China”:
Richard Tawney,
Land and Labor in China
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1972), p. 73.

“the barking of ill-fed dogs”:
John K. Fairbank, “The New China and the American Connection,”
Foreign Affairs
51, no. 1 (Oct. 1972).

“The magnitude of the rural misery”:
Stephen R. MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.,
China at War: Regions of China,
1937–1945 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 178.

“There were corpses on the road”:
White and Jacoby, p. 169.

“We stood at the head”:
Ibid., p. 170.

“a tomb of a city”:
Peck, p. 30.

Chiang ordered that the dikes:
MacKinnon, p. 178.

“grandiloquent patriotism”:
Lary, p. 64.

“A Chinese soldier”:
Gellhorn, pp. 99–100.

“ ‘almost no Chinese war prisoners’ ”:
New York Times,
Sept. 25, 1937.

“Tens of thousands of homeless”:
Frederic Wakeman Jr.,
The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime,
1937–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 7.

“the epicenter of devastation”:
Harmsen, p. 246.

“the entire town and the villages”:
Ibid., p. 245.

“What an awful scene of desolation”:
Diana Lary and Stephen R. MacKinnon, eds.,
Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China
(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001), p. 57.

The estimates of Chinese military casualties:
Harmsen, p. 247.

“in a political sense”:
White and Jacoby, p. 52.

As a result of the desecration:
Lary, p. 50.

“Then they herded 670 men”:
Lary, p. 98.

the population of twenty thousand:
MacKinnon, p. 103.

“packed solid with Chinese”:
Gellhorn, pp. 85–86.

One historian of the period:
Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China,
1925–1945 (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), p. 233.

a treasonous sort of modus vivendi:
Ibid., p. 243.

By 1940, the Japanese:
Edward Dreyer,
China at War,
1901–1949 (London: Longman, 1995), p. 258.

the Japanese flew 5,000 sorties:
Van de Ven, p. 246.

“incomparably more destructive”:
Herbert P. Bix,
Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
(New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 367.

“There was nothing they would not do”:
Harmsen, pp. 246–47.

“During the resistance”:
Wakeman, p. 271.

a Chinese policeman named Tse:
Emily Hahn, “Black and White,”
The New Yorker,
May 5, 1945, pp. 21–23.

“frequented by movie starlets”:
Wakeman, p. 273.

Ding used just one machine:
Ibid.

electricity use was restricted:
Ibid.

Torture of opponents:
Ibid.

“fur-hat soldiers”:
Ibid., p. 275.

one “comfort woman” for every forty soldiers:
Max Hastings,
Inferno: The World at War,
1939–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), p. 416.

“They raped many women”:
Yang Chengyi, ed.,
Fenghuo mengyue zhong di jipin: Zhejiang kangri zhanzheng kousu fangtan
[Memories in the Blaze of Wartime: Oral Interviews on the Japanese Occupation in Zhejiang] (Beijing: Beijing Library Publishing, 2007), pp. 10–11.

“My mother would rub black dirt”:
Ibid., p. 76.

“malnutrition, lack of hygiene”:
FRUS,
1944, pp. 191–92.

“Famine, flood, and drought”:
Romanus and Sutherland,
Time Runs Out,
p. 66.

“hostility and opposition”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 211.

Innumerable Chinese women were left:
Lary, p. 9.

“A sea of people”:
Danke Li,
Echoes of Chungking: Women in Wartime China
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), p. 56.

seven thousand coolies:
Time
, Dec. 26, 1938.

“A long ribbon of ox carts”:
Lary and MacKinnon, p. 105.

“Some young men”:
Jack Belden,
Still Time to Die
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 84.

“I felt so sad”:
Li, p. 57.

“He subsists on poor quality rice”:
Beaton, p. 63.

“Living like peasants”:
Ibid.

“China was indeed at the end”:
Wedemeyer, p. 278.

$145 million in Lend-Lease supplies:
Taylor, p. 194.

“something had to be done”:
Wedemeyer, p. 278.

“Humans in the slum”:
Li, p. 87.

“We dug a hole,”:
Ibid., p. 58.

“she died in my arms”:
Ibid., p. 60.

“I watched every disaster”:
Ba Jin,
Guilin di shou-nan
[Hard Times in Guilin], available online at
www.xiexingcun.com
.

“in which were dug caves”:
John Paton Davies,
China Hand: An Autobiography
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 217.

Disaster almost struck:
Barrett, p. 14.

Among these agents:
Cromley’s and Stelle’s backgrounds are discussed
in Maochun Yu,
OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 163.

Another recruit, Brooke Dolan:
Brooke Dolan II,
Road to the Edge of the World
(Philadelphia: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1937).

“With the Chinese Communists”:
Davies, p. 214.

“a French national”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 489.

“obvious untruths”:
Ibid., p. 400.

“to prolong China’s war of resistance”:
Ibid., pp. 401–405.

“the mouthing of homilies”:
Ibid., p. 406.

“to quote the Generalissimo”:
Harrison Forman,
Report from Red China
(New York: Henry Holt, 1945), p. 1.

“young and naïve”:
Taylor, p. 265.

Chiang also nurtured a certain hope:
Warren Tozer, “The Foreign Correspondents’ Visit to Yenan in 1944: A Reassessment,”
Pacific Historical Review
14, no. 2 (May 1972).

“guarantee full freedom of movement”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 408.

“we consider your plane a hero”:
Barrett, p. 30.

“the most exciting event”:
Harry Harding and Yuan Ming,
Sino-American Relations,
1945–1955:
A Joint Reassessment of a Critical Decade
(Wilmington, DE: R Books, 1989), p. 21.

But in Yenan they impressed:
Carolle J. Carter,
Mission to Yanan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists,
1944–1947 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), p. 37.

“a magnificent symbol”:
Forman, p. 46.

Service reported to the State Department:
FRUS,
1944, pp. 517–20.

“ideal of democracy”:
Davies, pp. 215–16.

“we have aligned ourselves”:
Ibid., p. 160.

“steps committing us”:
Ibid., p. 183.

“One of our major mistakes”:
Ibid., p. 196.

“The lines of future conflict”:
Ibid., p. 139.

“The Communists are in China”:
Ibid., p. 225.

“I hoped that my show of interest”:
Ibid., p. 221.

“I obviously underestimated”:
Ibid., p. 224.

“As I see it now”:
Barrett, p. 46.

“belief in a creed”:
Davies, p. 224.

“China is in a mess”:
FRUS,
1944, pp. 38–39.

“general gloom”:
Ibid., pp. 100–101.

“handle Stalin better”:
Fraser J. Harbutt,
Yalta
1945:
Europe and America at the Crossroads
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 55.

“American public opinion”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 39.

“China is unquestionably losing”:
New York Times,
July 20, 1943.

“If the book has been correctly interpreted”:
New York Times,
Jan. 9, 1938.

Red Star over China was and still is:
Alexander V. Pantsov and Stephen I. Levine,
Mao: The Real Story
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007) pp. 1–2.

By 1935, Snow was living:
Rand, pp. 148–51.

Yui was a well-placed man:
Ibid., pp. 155–56.

“a world scoop”:
Ibid., p. 157.

“To change this situation”:
Ibid., pp. 157–58.

“a romantic adventurer”:
Ibid., p. 159.

“like a generalissimo”:
Ibid., p. 166.

“Ten thousand years!”:
Ibid., p. 167.

Zhou Enlai was not just covering:
Ibid., p. 165.

They called themselves the last-ditchers:
Davies,
China Hand,
pp. 25–30.