Read China 1945: Mao's Revolution and America's Fateful Choice Online
Authors: Richard Bernstein
Tags: #History, #Modern, #20th Century, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
“grossly exaggerated”:
Yu, p. 222.
“I consider the Fuping incident”:
NARA, Minutes.
“All communist headquarters”:
Yu, pp. 222–23.
Friday Dinner Gathering:
Yang Jianye,
Ma Yingchu
(Shijiazhuang: Huashan Wenyi Shuban She [Huashan Arts and Literature Publishing House], 1997), p. 87; Deng Jiarong,
Ma Yinchu Zhuang
[The Biography of Ma Yinchu] (Shanghai: Wenyi Chuban She [Arts and Literature Publishing House], 1986), p. 98.
“cruel and rapacious”:
Peng Hua,
A Biography of Ma Yinchu
(Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo Chuban She [Contemporary China Publishing House], 2008), p. 52.
“The world has already become”:
Ma Yinchu,
Complete Works,
vol. 12 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Chuban She [Zhejiang People’s Publishing House], 1999), p. 263.
“The ‘Vacuum Tube’ ”:
Peng, pp. 52–53.
“trembling with fear”:
Supplement to the Collected Works of Ma Yinchu
(Shanghai: Sanlian Shudian Press, 2007), p. 328.
there were ferocious quarrels:
Jonathan Spence,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution,
1859–1980 (New York: Viking Press, 1981), pp. 256–60.
like Qu Qiubai and Hu Yepin:
Ibid., pp. 207–36.
“China is now divided”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 472.
“Yenan boiled over”:
Shi Zhe,
Feng yu Gu: Shi Zhe hui-yi-lu
[Peaks and Valleys: The Memoirs of Shi Zhe] (Beijing: Hungxi Publishing Co, 1992), p. 17.
“In mid to late August”:
Chu Anping,
Keguan
[Objectivity], Nov. 11, 1945 in
Chu Anping Wenyi
[Collected Essays of Chu Anping] (Shanghai: Dongfang Chuban Zhungxin [Eastern Publishing Center], 1998), pp. 3–8.
“Most of the people”:
Lu Ling,
Qiu Ai
[Night of the Chinese Victory] (Haiyan Bookstore, 1946), pp. 194–202.
At the waterfront:
White,
In Search,
pp. 235–36.
“all of China went crazy”:
Xia Yan,
Xia Yan Zejuan
[Autobiography of Xia Yan] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Wenyi Chuban She [Jiangsu Literature and Arts Publishing House], 1996), p. 172.
“I am very optimistic”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.
a rickshaw race:
John Hart Caughey,
The Marshall Mission to China,
1945–1947 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 53.
“I alone feel great shame”:
Taylor, p. 320.
“plunge China into chaos”:
Ibid.
“I was excited for a while”:
Hu Feng,
Hu Feng Zizhuan
[Autobiography of Hu Feng] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Wenyi Shuban She [Jiangsu Literature and Arts Publishing House], 1993), pp. 343–44.
“occupied for a second time”:
Keguan,
Nov. 11, 1945.
The KMT was corrupt:
Ibid.
“The waiting area”:
Da Gong Bao,
Dec. 22–25, 1945.
“Shanghai was bulging”:
Lattimore, p. 206.
“a raw, unheated city”:
Rand, p. 275.
“This place called Shanghai”:
Caughey, p. 53.
“the least bit of attention”:
Ibid., p. 61.
“squeeze”:
Ibid., p. 207.
“a lot of robberies”:
Da Gong Bao,
Dec. 24, 1945.
“Such a spirit of daring”:
Ibid.
Soviet invasion of Manchuria:
David M. Glantz,
Soviet Operational and Tactical Combat in Manchuria
, 1945,
“August Storm”
(Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003), pp. 1–2 and passim.
“three days of open looting”:
Survey of the Mukden Area Situation as It Has Developed from
16
August
1945
to
10
September
1945,
”
NARA, RG 226 (Records of the OSS), Entry 148, Box 6.
“ ‘not being normal in their minds’ ”:
Ibid.
“domination of the provinces”:
Lisle Abbott Rose,
Dubious Victory: The United States and the End of World War II
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1973), p. 132.
“The Kremlin will be careful”:
Davies,
Dragon,
pp. 406–407.
“discrediting the Chungking government”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 348.
“Without the support of the Soviet”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 433.
“One should keep Japan”:
Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War
(Stanford, CA: Sanford University Press, 1993), p. 3.
the result might be massive:
Ibid., p. 5.
“Russia has pledged”:
Lohbeck, p. 405.
“This kicked the props”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.
“without hope of future help”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.
“minimized”:
New York Times,
Oct. 14, 1945.
“because Stalin insisted”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 346.
foment a pro-Communist uprising:
Goncharov et al., pp. 8–9.
as a tactical move:
Sheng, p. 102.
“very distressed and even angry”:
Shi Zhe, p. 215.
Mao argued in an interview:
Mao,
Collected Works,
vol. 4.
“the talks would buy time”:
Goncharov et al., p. 7.
“beyond any measurement”:
Sheng, p. 100.
“ ‘bourgeois influence’ ”:
Mao, “The Situation and our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan,” Aug. 13, 1945, in
Collected Works
, online at
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_01.html
.
“it should not be surprising”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 325.
“unanimous demand”:
Sheng, pp. 98–99.
“going to his own execution”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.
“weird, loud scream”:
Shi Zhe, p. 21.
“Olive oil! olive oil!”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.
“the cordial atmosphere”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.
“well-informed observers”:
Ibid.
“ten thousand years”:
Taylor, p. 319.
“I am confident”:
Time,
Oct. 8, 1945.
“back of its hand”:
Time,
Sept. 24, 1945.
“We must stop”:
Taylor, p. 321.
“touched the Chairman’s heart”:
Ibid.
The two sides promised:
Ibid., p. 319.
he has been justly criticized:
Feis, p. 361.
“only words on paper”:
Mao, “On the Chungking Negotiations,”
Collected Works,
vol. 4, online.
“vast lost areas”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 519–20.
“have the right to enter”:
Feis, pp. 340–41.
“It is debatable”:
Davies,
Dragon,
p. 406.
“to render to China”:
Feis, p. 346.
“The Eighth Route Army”:
Vladimirov, p. 26.
“Like everywhere in the Special Area”:
Ibid., p. 40.
“outmaneuver Stalin”:
Schaller, p. 256.
“think of the kids”:
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 424.
“not a drop of gentleness”:
Melby, p. 26.
“There is no such thing”:
Schaller, p. 214.
Zhu De was already ordering:
Taylor, p. 315.
Mao dispatched nine regiments:
Goncharov et al., p. 9.
the Soviets took 925 airplanes:
Taylor, p. 318.
“They are Red Army”:
Sheng, p. 106, citing Zhu Yuanshi, “Liu Shaoqi yu Kangzhan Jiesu Hou zhengduo Donbei di Zheng Dou” [Liu Shaoqi and the Struggle for Power in the Northeast After the End of the War of Resistance],
Jindaishi yanjiu
[Modern History], no. 5 (1988): pp. 124–45.
“The Soviet Union doesn’t”:
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong,
p. 223.
“They gave high praise”:
Zeng Kelin, “Dadi Chongguang: Youguan Dongbei Jingun Huiyi,” [Recover the Land: Recollections of Marching into the Northeast]
Renwu
[Figures] 184, no. 5 (1984): 77–78.
the Soviet emissary’s plane:
Ivan D. Yeaton,
Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton
(Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1976), p. 116.
the emissary made a public statement:
Sheng, pp. 106–107.
“We want to bore our way in”:
Taylor, p. 317.
number of Chinese Communist troops:
Goncharov et al., pp. 10–11.
“There is a possibility”:
New York Times,
Oct. 30, 1945.
told him that Chinese Communist troops:
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong,
p. 228.
“caught with our pants down”:
Yu, p. 231.
nearly two thousand agents:
Ibid., p. 226.
dropped into territories:
Yu, p. 232.
a nearby POW camp:
Ibid., pp. 232–33.
deaths of thousands of American troops:
OSS Records, NARA, RG226, Entry 148, Box 7.
“suddenly and unannounced”:
OSS “Survey of the Mukden Area,” NARA, Entry 148, Box 6, Folder 87.
Cardinal observed the Eighth Routers:
Ibid.
“a stabbing of a B-24 tire”:
Ibid.
“without a fight?”:
Ibid.
“support for Chinese reactionaries”:
Schaller, p. 266.
“quite capable”:
Benis M. Frank and Henry I. Shaw,
The History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II,
vol. 5,
Victory and Occupation
(Washington, DC: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), pp. 547–48.
a convoy of nearly twenty-five thousand:
Henri I. Shaw,
The United States Marines in North China,
1945–1949 (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), p. 1.
“the largest troop movement”:
Schaller, p. 265.
the marines took over Qingdao:
Shaw, pp. 3–4.
“he might have been impeached”:
McCullough, p. 474.
“the plan should be abandoned”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 570–71.
“military necessity”:
Shaw, p. 10.
“the ports in question”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 571.
“to support undemocratic institutions”:
Ibid., pp. 559–62. Feis, pp. 371–73.
“outstanding intelligence officers”:
Yu, p. 235.
“lean, hearty, enthusiastic”:
Paul Fillmann and Graham Peck,
China: The Remembered Life
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), p. 186.
Birch was ordered to go:
W. J. Miller, “Account of the Death of Captain John Birch,” OSS Headquarters, Central Command, Sept. 14, 1945, NARA retained file. Yu, pp. 235–41.
another American OSS team:
Yu, p. 241.
the CCP needed industry:
Steven I. Levine,
Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 26.
“a solid foundation”:
Goncharov et al., p. 9.
“No matter what”:
Sheng, p. 116.
Communist troops opened fire:
Shaw, p. 2.
of all the Japanese forces:
New York Times,
Oct. 8, 1945.
sent a message to Wedemeyer:
Feis, p. 365. Sheng, pp. 116–17.
“with many sacrifices”:
Ronald H. Spector,
The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia
(New York: Random House, 2007), p. 54.
“an interference”:
Frank and Shaw, p. 559.
“The decision regarding Chefoo”:
New York Times,
Oct. 9, 1945.
“comic opera”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 646.
“every mile of track”:
Shaw, p. 8.
“the rest of the traitor army”:
Ibid., p. 6.
“an island in a Communist sea”:
Ibid., p. 7.
on a train near Guye:
Ibid., p. 9.
“a true son”:
Time,
May 30, 1960.
searched the KMT offices:
Donald G. Gillin and Ramon H. Myers, eds.,
Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-Ngau
(Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1989), pp. 88–89.
“filled with Soviet officers”:
Ibid., p. 72.
“On the same day”:
Ibid., p. 73.
“this issue can be negotiated”:
Ibid., p. 75.
“a sitting duck”:
Ibid., p. 76.
Chinese Communist troops were in control:
Feis, pp. 384–85.
“It is very clear”:
Gillen and Myers, p. 104.
American actions to exclude the Soviets:
Feis, pp. 390–95.
“these professors are distressed”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 476–79.
Among its resolutions:
Taylor, pp. 305–306.
plans for an airlift were dropped:
Ibid., p. 324.
“extreme antipathy”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 578–79.
“not an extremist”:
Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,
China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations,
1945–1996 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 91.