| the unwillingness of China and the Soviet Union to provide any records of their cooperation. For more recent surveys, see the introductory chapters in Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987); Gerald Segal, Defending China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
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| 2. Sergei Tikhvinskii, Put kitaia k obedineniiu i nezavisimosti, 1898-1949 [China's road to unification and independence, 1898-1949] (Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 1996), 418-19.
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| 3. See Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-1948 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
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| 4. Much of the archives on China in the Rossiiskii tsentr khraneniia i zucheniia doku-mentor noveishei istorii [RTsKhIDNI; Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Contemporary History], including the Comintern archives and parts of the archives of the International Department of the CPSU CC are now available to scholars. In terms of Soviet military support for the pre-1949 CCP, the findings in the archives roughly correspond with Soviet texts from the Cold War period, in spite of their propagandistic nature; see, for instance, O. B. Borisov [Oleg B. Rakhmanin], The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Revolutionary Base (Moscow: Progress, 1975), 185; S. L. Tikhvinsky, general ed., Modem History of China, 1928-1949 (Moscow: Institute of the Far East, 1984), 262. Rakhmanin worked in the Soviet consulate in Harbin from 1946 to 1949.
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| 5. Tikhvinsky, Modem History of China, 265.
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| 6. Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF), fond (f.) 0100, opis (op.) 49, papka (pa.) 410, delo (d.) 9, 90.
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| 7. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), f. 39, op. 31, pa. 41, d. 1, and f. 3, op. 65, pa. 3, d. 606. Materials on Mikoyan's secret mission to China were selected by Andrei Ledovsky and published in Problemy dalnego vostoka, nos. 2 and 3 (1995).
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| 8. APRF, f. 39, op. 1, d. 39, pa. 58.
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| 9. Pravda, February 15, 1950.
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| 10. AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 50, pa. 426, d. 29, p. 20.
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