Brothers in Arms (43 page)

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Authors: Odd Arne Westad

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49. Ciphered telegram from Filippov [Stalin] to Krasovsky in Beijing, transmitting a message for Mao Zedong, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 348, 69, and AVPRF, f. 059a, op. 5a, pa. 11, d. 5, p. 89.
50. Ciphered telegram from Mao Zedong to Filippov [Stalin], July 18, 1952, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 343, pp. 72-5, and AVPRF, f. 059a, op. 5a, pa. 11, d. 5, pp. 90-3.
51. Record of conversation between Comrade I. V. Stalin and Zhou Enlai, August 20, 1952, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 329, pp. 54-72. Translated by Danny Rozas,
CWIHP Bulletin
6-7 (Winter 1995/1996): 10-14.
52. Ibid., 13-14.
53. Record of conversation between Comrade Stalin and Zhou Enlai, September 19, 1952, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 343, pp. 97-103. Translated by Danny Rozas with Kathryn Weathersby,
CWIHP Bulletin
6-7 (Winter 1995/1996): 17-20.
54. Ciphered telegram from Semenov [Stalin] to Mao Zedong, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 343, pp. 115-16.
55. In discussions on February 17, 1953, with Krishna Menon, Indian ambassador to Moscow, and Saffrudin Kitchlew, chairman of the pro-Soviet Indian Peace Council, Stalin was generally upbeat about the international situation, crediting General Eisenhower with greater realism than the civilian Truman; see Vojtech Mastny,
The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 166-7.
56. U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers Resolution, March 19, 1953, APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 830, pp. 60-71, and AVPRF, f. 059a, op. 5a, pa. 11, d. 4, pp. 54-65.
57. For the text of this document, see the
CWIHP Bulletin
3 (Fall 1993): 15-17.
58. Ciphered telegram from Kuznetsov in Beijing to the Foreign Ministry in Moscow, APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 830, pp. 187-9, and AVPRF, f. 059a, op. 5a, pa. 11, d. 5, pp. 156-8.
59. For a thorough discussion of the negotiations from the UN side, see Foot,
A Substitute for Victory.

 

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3.
Soviet Advisors in China in the 1950s
Deborah A. Kaple
The Soviet Advisors' Program, an agreement that sent thousands of Soviets to China in the 1950s to assist the Chinese Communists to embark on the socialist path, may be the least studied aspect of the Cold War. Unprecedented in scale and scope, the Advisors' Program was an utterly crucial aspect of both the famous friendship and the infamous split. It is a testimony to the effectiveness of Communist Party secrecy that, forty years later, there is no scholarly, book-length history of this program in any language. Fortunately, the windfall of sources yielded by the collapse of communism in 1989 in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe provides at least a preliminary understanding of the Sino-Soviet relationship and its problems. This chapter is the beginning of the long process of filling in an important ''white spot" of history, that of the role of the Soviet advisors in China in the 1950s.
As outlined in chapters 4 and 6, both the Soviets and the Chinese believed that it was crucially important for their cooperation to be centrally planned, integrating technical, educational, economic, and military support. The political decisions on these plans were taken by the party leaders and often reflected changing aspects of the overall bilateral relationship. The preparation and implementation of the cooperation programs were left to party and state institutions that had to devise ways to fulfill what they understood to be the wishes of their superiors. Ultimately, however, much of the work associated with the programs depended on Soviet specialists, teachers, and advisers who were sent by their institutions to work in China. This chapter centers on them and their experiences.
In attempting to understand the work of the Advisor' s Program and its impact in China, I have relied on two types of sources. I first read the files of the Com-

 

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