Anzac's Dirty Dozen (42 page)

10
  K. Harris,
More than Bombs and Bandages: Australian Army Nurses at Work in
World War I
, Big Sky, Sydney, 2011, p. 221.

11
  R. Rae,
Scarlet Poppies: The Army Experience of Australian Nurses during World
War I
, College of Nursing, Sydney, 2005, p. 231.

12
  Harris,
More than Bombs and Bandages
, p. 3.

13
  S. Pedersen, ‘Britain's second most famous nurse',
London Review of Books
, 33(8), 14 April 2011, p. 19.

14
  Department of Veterans' Affairs,
Just Wanted to be There: Australian Service Nurses 1899–1999
, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 1999, pp. 110– 111. Rae implies that the attention given to nurses in the official history is inadequate: Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, p. 20. The chapter devoted to the Australian nursing service in the Australian official medical history is greater than the six pages for its Canadian counterpart in the Canadian official medical history: A. MacPhail,
The Medical Services:
Official History of the Canadian Forces in the
Great War 1914–1919
, F.A. Acland, Ottawa, 1925, pp. 224–30.

15
  J. Bassett,
Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the
Gulf War
, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992, p. 1.

16
  Harris,
More than Bombs and Bandages
, p. 2. Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, p. 7; P. Rees,
The Other Anzacs: Nurses at War 1914–1918
, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2008.

17
  Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, p. 228.

18
  ‘Women and defence', pp. 366–67, lists six specialist studies of the various nursing services. The studies by Rae, Rees and Harris have appeared since.

19
  The figures given for women serving in the Australian Land Army range from 3068 to 7000: Adam-Smith,
Australian Women at War
, p. 377 (3068); Reed,
Bigger than Gallipoli
, p. 79 (7000).

20
  Harris,
More than Bombs and Bandages
, pp. 11–12.

21
  Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, p. 53.

22
  These very rough computations are based on the population figures in ‘POP 26-34 Male Population, colonies and states 1828–1981' and ‘POP 35-43 Female Population, Colonies and States 1828–1981' , J.C. Caldwell, ‘Population', in W. Vamplew (ed.),
Australians: Historical Statistics
, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney, 1987, pp. 27–28. The numbers for the 2nd AIF are taken from ‘Australian Army', in Beaumont,
Australian Defence: Sources and
Statistics
, p. 120. The numbers in the women's services are taken from Adam-Smith,
Australian Women at War
, p. 377. It should be noted that Hasluck's figures for those in the women's services are considerably more conservative: 44 707 in 1943 and 43 600 in August 1945: P. Hasluck,
The Government and
the People 1942–1945:
Australia in the War of 1939–1945
, series 4 (Civil), vol. 2, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1970, pp. 269 and 613 respectively.

23
  <
www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/education/
Documents/DVA_Women_in_War_part3.pdf
>, (accessed 1 July 2011).

24
  Department of Veterans' Affairs,
Just Wanted to be There
, pp. 48–49.

25
  Department of Veterans' Affairs,
Just Wanted to be There
, p. 5; see also Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, pp. 7, 141.

26
  Butler,
Australian Army Medical Services in the War of 1914–1918
, vol. 3, p. 584.

27
  Department of Veterans' Affairs,
Just Wanted to be There
, pp. 56, 57, 60, 62–63, 71, 94, 104–105; Rae,
Scarlet Poppies
, pp. 23, 231; Harris,
More than Bombs and
Bandages
, pp. 24, 130–31; Adam-Smith,
Australian Women at War
, pp. 2, 375. On this process, see also Turner, ‘Captive women', passim.

28
  Harris,
More than Bombs and Bandages
, pp. 152–55, 192, 196, 199, 211, 216.

29
  M. McKernan,
The Australian People and the Great War
, Nelson, Melbourne, 1980, pp. 78–82, 93, 129, 130–31, 144, 223; P. Grimshaw et al.,
Creating a
Nation
, McPhee Gribble, Melbourne, 1994, pp. 255–56; K. Darian-Smith, ‘War and Australian society' in J. Beaumont (ed.),
Australia's War 1939–1945
, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1996, p. 62.

30
  The WRANS and WAAAF were not allowed to serve overseas at all: ‘Women
and defence', Beaumont,
Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics
, pp. 351–52.

31
  J. Thomson,
The WAAAF in Wartime Australia
, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1992, pp. 268–72.

32
  Quoted in Adam-Smith,
Australian Women at War
, p. 368.

33
  Grimshaw et al.,
Creating a Nation
, pp. 200–202, 209. Darian-Smith writes of ‘thousands of women' recruited into the auxiliary services and the Women's Land Army:
On the Home Front
, p. 54.

34
  I. Beckett,
The First World War: The Essential Guide to Sources in the UK
National Archives
, Public Record Office, Kew, 2002, p. 204; K. Robert, ‘Gender, class, and patriotism: Women's paramilitary units in First World War Britain',
International History Review
, 19(1), 1997, pp. 52–53.

35
  Thomson,
The WAAAF in Wartime Australia
, pp. 2–3.

36
  Entry for 15 February 1944, Gavin Long diary, Australian War Memorial, series 67, item 1/4. I am grateful to Dr Kent Fedorowich for this reference.

37
  J. Damousi & M. Lake, ‘Introduction', in
Gender and War: Australians at War
in the Twentieth Century
, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, New York, 1995, p. 8.

38
  Grimshaw et al.,
Creating a Nation
, p. 260 – no source given.

39
  Darian-Smith,
On the Home Front
, p. 57.

40
  ‘Conflicts and overseas deployments', in Beaumont,
Australian Defence: Sources
and Statistics
, p. 320.

41
  Percentages are calculated from the figures given in S.J. Butlin & C.B. Schedvin,
War Economy 1942–1945:
Australia in the War of 1939–1945
, series 4 (Civil), vol. 4, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1977, p. 51.

42
  White, ‘War and Australian society', p. 410.

43
  These figures are drawn from E. Hancock, ‘Employment in wartime: The experience of German women during the Second World War',
War & Society
, 12(2), 1994, pp. 43–68. On women's combat see P. Biddiscombe, ‘Into the maelstrom: German women in combat 1944–1945',
War & Society
, 30(1), 2011, pp. 61–89. German women fired anti-aircraft guns, which women in Britain were officially excluded from doing: J. Schwarzkopf, ‘Combatant or non-combatant? The ambiguous status of women in British anti-aircraft batteries during the Second World War',
War & Society
, 28(2), 2009, pp. 105–31.

44
  See for example the comments that seem to blame professional military historians for not making more of women's experiences in S. Buttworth, ‘Antipodean iconography: A search for Australian representations of women and war',
Outskirts: Feminisms along the Edge
, 6, 2000, <
www.chloe.uwa.edu.au/outskirts/archive/volume6/buttsworth
>, (accessed 26 June 2011).

  6  The nonsense of universal Australian ‘fair play' in war

Dale Blair

  
1
  J. Monash,
The Australian Victories in France in 1918,
Lothian Books, Melbourne, rev. edn, 1923 [1920], p. 229.

  
2
  T. Hyland, ‘Of law and war: Our military justice system distinguishes us from the Taliban – let it run its course',
Sunday Age,
17 October 2010, p. 19.

  
3
  
Age
, 20 October 2009;
National Times
, 10 December 2010.

  
4
  K. Fewster,
Gallipoli Correspondent: The Frontline Diary of C.E.W. Bean,
Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1983, p. 83.

  
5
  Fewster,
Gallipoli Correspondent
, p. 83.

  
6
  Fewster,
Gallipoli Correspondent,
pp. 82–83.

  
7
  Fewster,
Gallipoli Correspondent
, p. 83.

  
8
  C.E.W. Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: The AIF in
France 1916
, vol. 3, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1936 [1929], p. 514
.

  
9
  Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–
1918, pp. 514–515.

10
  J. Keegan,
The Face of Battle,
Jonathan Cape, London, 1976, pp. 48–49, 51.

11
  Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, p. 772.

12
  Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, p. 772, n. 115.

13
  W.D. Joynt,
Breaking the Road for the Rest
, Hyland House, Melbourne
,
1979, p. 129.

14
  Keegan,
The Face of Battle
, p. 51.

15
  Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, vol. 3, p. 772, n. 115
.

16
  
International Law Concerning the Conduct of Hostilities: Collection of Hague
Conventions and Some Other Treaties,
International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1989, pp. 24–25.

17
  R.S. Corfield,
Don't Forget Me, Cobber: The Battle of Fromelles 19/20 July 1916:
An Enquiry,
Corfield and Company, Rosanna (Vic.), 2000, p. 455. Relevant portions of the manual are reproduced on pp. 453–63.

18
  Corfield,
Don't Forget Me, Cobber
, p. 455
.

19
  J. Bourke,
An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth
Century Warfare,
Granta Books, London, 1999, p. 177.

20
  For example, the circular ‘Prisoners of War', Xth Corps No. I.G. 33/36, dated 20 March 1915, Australian War Memorial (AWM) Series 27, Item 424/5.

21
  Circular, ‘The Soldiers' Don'ts of International Law', AWM 27, 424/7.

22
  E. Gorman,
With the Twenty-Second: A History of the 22nd Battalion, AIF,
H.H. Champion, Australasian Authors' Agency, Melbourne, 1919, pp. 9–10.

23
  Letter (unsigned), AWM 27, 424/12.

24
  Letter (unsigned) to Australian administrative HQ, London, AWM 27, 424/12.

25
  R. McMullin,
Pompey Elliott,
Scribe, Melbourne, 2002, p. 647.

26
  Gellibrand to Bean, (undated), AWM 3DRL 6673, 419/8/1.

27
  Bean to Gellibrand, 18 March 1918, AWM 3DRL 6673, 419/8/1.

28
  Diary of Private T.J. Cleary, 24/1/18, cited in B. Gammage,
The Broken Years:
Australian Soldiers in the Great War,
Penguin, Melbourne, 1975, p. 258–59.

29
  See for example incidents cited by repatriated Australian POWs: statements by Private K.S. Ross, 28 February 1919, AWM 30, B.5.44; Private A.D. Stone, 23 January 1919, AWM 30, B.16.11; Corporal A. McKee, 17 December 1918, AWM 30, B.14.5.

30
  Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, vol. 3, pp. 248–49, and n. 10.

31
  E. Wren,
Randwick to Hargicourt: History of the 3rd Battalion,
Ronald G. McDonald, Sydney, 1935, pp. 196–97.

32
  Wren,
Randwick to Hargicourt,
p. 199.

33
  Diary of Sergeant A.E. Matthews, 3rd Battalion, AWM 2DRL 219, p. 7.

34
  Wren,
Randwick to Hargicourt
, p. 200.

35
  J. Dower,
War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
, Faber & Faber, London, 1986, p. 71.

36
  P. Ham,
Kokoda
, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2010, p. 564

37
  Dower,
War without Mercy
, pp. 70–71. I have heard of similar incidents related by Vietnam veterans of Viet Cong being thrown from helicopters all off the record and, as such, inadmissible as evidence..

38
  Ham,
Kokoda,
p. 529

39
  S.E. Benson,
The Story of the 42nd Australian Infantry Battalion,
Dymocks, Sydney, 1952, p. 160.

40
  Benson,
The Story of the 42nd Australian Infantry Battalion
, p. 160.

41
  Benson,
The Story of the 42nd Australian Infantry Battalion
, p. 96.

42
  See discussion in M. Johnston,
Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and their
Adversaries in World War II,
Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2000, pp. 9–57.

43
  M. Barter,
Far above Battle:The Experience and Memory of Australian Soldiers in
War 1939–1945,
Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994, pp. 68–69.

44
  Johnston,
Fighting the Enemy
, p. 40.

45
  Johnston,
Fighting the Enemy
, p. 39

46
  F.M. Cutlack,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: The
Australian Flying Corps
, vol. 8, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1984 [1923], pp. 159, 161; see also H.S. Gullett,
Official History of Australia in the
War of 1914–1918: Sinai & Palestine
, vol. 7, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1939, p. 710.