Anzac's Dirty Dozen (39 page)

The good and the bad, the greatness and the smallness of their story will stand. Whatever the glory it contains nothing can now lessen. It rises, and will always rise, above the mists of ages, a monument to great-hearted man; and, for their nation, a possession forever.
¹

NOTES

  1  Australian military history doesn't begin on Gallipoli

Craig Wilcox

  
1
  Pooley to Maj. Sherbon, 12 November 1912, Mitchell Library, ML MSS 1261/3.

  
2
  K. Windschuttle, ‘The myths of frontier massacres', parts 1–3,
Quadrant
, October–December 2000; and
The Fabrication of Aboriginal History
, vol. 1, Macleay, Sydney, 2002.

  
3
  K.S. Inglis ‘Anzac: The substitute religion' (first published 1960), in his
Observing Australia
, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1999, ch. 3; and
Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape
, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, 1998.

  
4
  D. Horner,
Australia's Military History for Dummies
, Wiley, Brisbane, 2010, p. 71.

  
5
  
Adelaide Register
, 14 February 1921, p. 5.

  
6
  P. Kelly, ‘The next Anzac century',
Weekend Australian
, 23–24 April 2011, Inquirer, p. 2.

  
7
  
The Australian
, 25 April 2011, p. 7.

  
8
  K. O'Brien & M. Peacock, ‘War Memorial battle over frontier recognition',
7.30 Report
, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 26 February 2009;
Canberra
Times
, 23 December 2010, p. 5.

  
9
  J. Laffin,
Anzacs at War
, Horwitz, Sydney, 1982 (first published 1965), ch. 2; N. Bleszynski,
Shoot Straight, You Bastards!
, Random House, Sydney, 2003 (first published 2002), pp. 159–63.

10
  B. Beresford (director),
Breaker Morant
, South Australian Film Corporation, 1979; Bleszynski,
Shoot Straight, You Bastards!

11
  For example E. Willmot,
Pemulwuy, the Rainbow Warrior
, Weldon, Sydney, 1987; P.W. Newbery (ed.),
Aboriginal Heroes of the Resistance
, Action for World Development, Sydney, 1999 (first published 1988), part 1.

12
  Notably I. Clendinnen,
Dancing With Strangers
, Text, Melbourne, 2003.

13
  J.H. Elliott, ‘The very violent road to America',
New York Review of Books
, 9 June 2011, pp. 64–67.

14
  Two notable contributions have been H. Reynolds,
The Other Side of the
Frontier
, James Cook University, Townsville, 1981, and P. Stanley, ‘Soldiers and fellow countrymen in colonial Australia', in M. McKernan & M. Browne
(eds.),
Australia: Two Centuries of War and Peace
, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1988.

15
  I. Keen,
Aboriginal Economy and Society
, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2003, p. 264.

16
  A.W. Howitt,
The Native Tribes of Southeast Australia
, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1996 (first published 1904), pp. 351–52.

17
  H. Allen (ed.),
Australia: William Blandowski's Illustrated Encyclopaedia of
Aboriginal Australia
, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 2010 (plate first published 1862), p. 129.

18
  J. Connor, ‘The frontier war that never was', in C. Stockings (ed.),
Zombie
Myths of Australian Military History
, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2010, ch. 1;
The
Australian Frontier Wars
, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2002.

19
  T.F. Bride (ed.),
Letters from Victorian Pioneers
, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1898, pp. 43, 151–53, 187.

20
  J. Grey,
A Military History of Australia
, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2008 (first published 1990), p. 39; Horner,
Australia's Military
History for Dummies
, p. 49.

21
  
The Australian
, 26 June 2008, p. 3; Battle for Australia Commemoration National Council, ‘Battle for Australia' website, <
www.battleforaustralia.org.au
>.

22
  
Sydney Herald
, 16 July 1832, p. 2.

23
  See for example
Sydney Morning Herald
, 22 March 1858, p. 2;
Argus
(Melbourne), 19 July 1860, p. 5.

24
  
Advertiser
(Adelaide), 27 July 1860, p. 2.

25
  A. Jose, ‘Sydney and district in 1824 as described by a French visitor',
Royal
Australian Historical Society
Journal and Proceedings
, 10(4), 1924, p. 222.

26
  
Record of the Imperial Representative Corps Trip Australia and New Zealand
1900–1901
, Army & Navy Cooperative Society, London, 1901, p. 44.

27
  D. Horner (ed.),
The Battles that Shaped Australia
, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994.

28
  E.W. O'Sullivan,
The Power of Mounted Riflemen
, Age, Queanbeyan, 1894, conclusion.

29
  Report by Maj. Gen. James Bevan Edwards on local forces and scheme for organising Australia's military forces, Qld
Journals of the Legislative Council
, 1889, 39(1), p. 779.

30
  Evidence by Col. Stokes to Royal Commission into the NSW military service, NSW
Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly,
1892, 7(52), p. 162.

31
  C.N. Connolly, ‘Manufacturing spontaneity: The Australian offers of troops to the Boer War',
Historical Studies
, 18(70), April 1978, pp. 106–117; L.M. Field,
The Forgotten War
, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1979, ch. 1.

32
  Gov. Gormanston to secretary of state for colonies, 6 March 1900, UK National Archives, CO 280/403, f. 57 (microfilmed by the Australian Joint Copying Project).

33
  Nearly 5000 men joined Boer War contingents from late December to mid-1900 (C. Wilcox,
Australia's Boer War
, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2002, pp. 391–407); a net 6568 became citizen soldiers in 1900 (N. Meaney,
The Search
for Security in the Pacific
, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1976, p. 271); and more than 19 000 joined rifle clubs during the same year (
Year-Book of Australia
for 1900
, pp. 626–33;
Year-Book of Australia for 1901
, pp. 601–609).

34
  Wilcox,
Australia's Boer War
, pp. 102–108, 346.

35
  Gen. Carew to Maj. Poore, 19 June 1900, [UK] National Archives, WO 105/19, T/36/2.

36
  
Sydney Morning Herald
, 9 May 1900, p. 7.

37
  R. Kipling,
Traffics and Discoveries
, Macmillan, London, 1904, p. 87.

38
  C.J. Dennis,
The Moods of Ginger Mick
, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 2009 (first published 1916); C.E.W. Bean, ‘The Australian',
Sydney Morning Herald
, 22 June 1907, p. 6; and
The Story of Anzac
, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1941, vol. 1, pp. 46–47.

39
  
Christian Science Monitor
, 18 February 1911, p. 30.

40
  J. Barrett,
Falling In
, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1979, chs 4-5.

41
  Lt Gen. L.B. Concannon, ‘The psychology of a citizen company',
Commonwealth Military Journal
, January 1913, p. 40.

42
  Report by Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton on an inspection of military forces of the Commonwealth of Australia, Cwth
Parliamentary Papers
, 1914, 2(14), p. 45.

43
  
Sydney Morning Herald
, 6 October 1913, p. 8.

44
  
Argus
(Melbourne), 11 April 1896, p. 11.

45
  Capt. J.H. Watson, ‘The Royal Navy's contribution to Australian history',
Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings
, 3(7), 1916, pp. 326–51.

46
  Old Chum ( J.M. Forde), ‘Old Sydney',
Truth
(Sydney), Sunday editions, 21 February–7 November 1909.

47
  ‘What is the story of Elands River?',
Life
(Melbourne), September 1907, pp. 214–216, and October 1907, pp. 337–41.

48
  
Age,
25 May 1915, p. 9

49
  Assuming an Aboriginal population of around 300 000, with 60 000 sometimes engaged in formal fighting.

50
  There were 29 000 members of military forces in Australia (Meaney,
Search for
Security in the Pacific
, p. 270–71), with some among the 12 000 serving with Australian contingents in South Africa (State Records of WA series 1496 item 1769/010); plus at least 26 000 rifle club members (
Year-Book of Australia
for 1901
, pp. 601–609); and a possible 5000 Australians with non-Australian contingents in South Africa.

51
  Based on 46 000 members of military forces, plus 48 000 rifle club members (
Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia 1901–1914
, pp. 939, 943).

  2  The ‘superior', all-volunteer AIF

John Connor

  
1
  J. Monash,
The Australian Victories in France in 1918
, Hutchinson & Co, London, 1920, pp. 2, 287, 291.

  
2
  P. Adam-Smith,
The Anzacs
, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, p. 298; K.S. Inglis, ‘Anzac and the Australian military tradition',
Current Affairs Bulletin
, 64(11), April 1988, p. 6; J. King,
The Western Front Diaries: The Anzac's
own Story, Battle by Battle
, Simon & Schuster, Sydney, 2008, p. 367; <
www. sandsofgallipoli.com.au/collections/sog05.php
> and <
www.learningonline.com.au/topics/10/books/54/chapters/1246
>, (both accessed 1 July 2011).

  
3
  C.E.W. Bean,
The Australian Imperial Force in France During the Allied Offensive 1918
, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, vol. 6, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1942, pp. 5, 485–86 & 402; J. Grey,
A Military
 
History of Australia
, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 3rd edn, 2008,  p. 111; and
The Australian Army
, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2001, p. 41; P. Dennis et al.,
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History
, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2nd edn, 2008, p. 156; <
www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/conscription/ww1.asp
>, (accessed 1 July 2011).

  
4
  I.F.W. Beckett,
Ypres: The First Battle 1914
, Pearson Education, Harlow, 2004; and
The First World War: The Essential Guide to Sources in the UK National
Archives
, Public Record Office, London, 2002, p. 121; M. Middlebrook,
The
First Day on the Somme
, (orig. 1971) Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1984; R. Prior & T. Wilson,
The Somme
, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2005; W. Philpott,
Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the
Twentieth Century
, Little Brown, London, 2009.

  
5
  Beckett,
First World War
, pp. 122–23.

  
6
  For 1917 see R. Prior & T. Wilson,
Passchendaele: The Unknown Story
, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996; March 1918, see M. Middlebrook,
The
Kaiser's Battle, 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive
, (orig. 1978) Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1983; and for November 1918, see G. Sheffield,
Forgotten Victory: The First World War ~ Myths and Realities
, Headline, London, 2001; and P. Hart,
1918: A Very British Victory
, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2008.

  
7
  For the introduction of conscription in New Zealand, Canada and Newfoundland, see P. Baker,
King and Country Call: New Zealanders,
Conscription and the Great War
, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1988; J.L. Granatstein & J.M. Hitsman.
Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in
Canada
, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1977; P.T. McGrath & C. Lucas, ‘Newfoundland', in Lucas (ed.),
The Empire at War
, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, London, 1923, p. 307.

  
8
  C. Puglsey, ‘At the Empire's call: New Zealand Expeditionary Force planning 1901–1918', in J.A. Moses & C. Pugsley (eds),
The German Empire and
Britain's Pacific Dominions 1871–1919: Essays on the Role of Australia and New
Zealand in World Politics in the Age of Imperialism
, Regina Books, Claremont CA, 2000, pp. 221–38; J. Crawford, ‘“New Zealand is being bled to death”: The formation, operations and disbandment of the Fourth Brigade', in J. Crawford & I. McGibbon (eds),
New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the
Allies and the First World War
, Exisle Publishing, Auckland, 2007, pp. 250–65; I. McGibbon (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History
, Oxford University Press, Auckland, p. 118.

  
9
  J.L. Granatstein & D.F. Oliver (eds),
The Oxford Companion to Canadian
Military History
, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 2011, pp. 85, 123 & 190; T. Cook,
Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917–1918
, Viking Canada, Toronto, 2008, p. 504.

10
  D. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland 1900–1922', in T. Bartlett & K. Jeffery (eds),
A Military History of Ireland,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, p 388.

11
  P. Orr, ‘200 000 volunteer soldiers', in J. Horne (ed.),
Our War: Ireland and
the Great War
, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2008, pp. 63–77; T.P. Dooley,
Irishmen or English Soldiers? The Times and World of a Southern Catholic Irish
 
Man (1876–1916) Enlisting in the British Army during the First World War
, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1995.