American Psychosis (41 page)
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Authors: M. D. Torrey Executive Director E Fuller
Tags: #Health & Fitness, #Diseases, #Nervous System (Incl. Brain), #Medical, #History, #Public Health, #Psychiatry, #General, #Psychology, #Clinical Psychology
24
. B. J. Burns and A. B. Santos, “Assertive Community Treatment: An Update of Randomized Trials,”
Psychiatric Services 46
, no. 7 (1995): 669–675; P. S. Appelbaum and S. Le Melle, “Techniques Used by Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Teams to Encourage
Adherence: Patient and Staff Perceptions,”
Community Mental Health Journal 44
, no. 6 (2008): 459–464; R. E. Clark et al., “Cost-Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment versus Standard Case Management for Persons with Co-occurring Severe Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Disorders,”
Health Services Review 33
, no. 5 (1998): 1285–1308; S. M. Essock, L. K. Frisman, and J. Kontos, “Cost-Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment Teams,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 68
, no. 2 (1998): 179–190; G. S. Cuddeback, J. P. Morrissey, and P. S. Meyer, “How Many Assertive Community Treatment Teams Do We Need?,”
Psychiatric Services 57
, no. 12 (2006): 1803–1806.
25
. D. K. Padgett and B. F. Henwood, “Moving into the Fourth Decade of ACT,”
Psychiatric Services 62
, no. 6 (2011): 605.
26
. B. C. Vladeck,
Unloving Care: The Nursing Home Tragedy
(New York: Basic Books, 1980), 21; S. Sheehan,
Is There No Place on Earth for Me?
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1982).
27
. G. R. Bond et al., “The Effectiveness of Psychiatric Rehabilitation: A Summary of Research at Thresholds,”
Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 7
, no. 4 (1984): 6–22.
28
. K. Sheppard, “Programs That Work,”
American Prospect
, July/August 2008, A15–A17.
29
. Philip Zimbardo,
The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil
(New York: Random House, 2007), xii.
30
. D. J. Mellett, “Bureaucracy and Mental Illness: The Commissioners in Lunacy, 1845–90,”
Medical History 221
, no. 3 (1981): 221–250. As an aside, one of the commissioners was Robert Lutwidge, the uncle and close friend of Lewis Carroll. When Lutwidge was killed by a patient during a hospital inspection, Carroll memorialized his death in a poem,
The Hunting of the Snark
. For an account of this, see E. F. Torrey and J. Miller, “The Capture of the Snark,”
Knight Letter
,
73
, no. 2 (2004), 21–25.
31
. S. J. Schultz, “Adult Home Abuse Found,”
Legislative Gazette
(Albany, NY), June 15, 1992; S. Raab, “Report Says Home Operators Misused Funds Meant to Feed Mentally Ill,”
New York Times
, June 14, 1992; M. Winerip, “For Adult Homes This One Ranks among the Worst,”
New York Times
, August 17, 1990.
32
. A. Scull, “Deinstitutionalization and the Rights of the Deviant,”
Journal of Social Issues 37
, no. 3 (1981): 6–20.
33
. E. L. Bassuk and S. Gerson, “Deinstitutionalization and Mental Health Services,”
Scientific American 238
, no. 2 (1978): 46–53.
34
. Alan A. Stone, personal communication to author, June 1, 2010; W. R. Shadish Jr., “Private-Sector Care for Chronically Mentally Ill Individuals,”
American Psychologist 44
, no. 8 (1989): 1142–1147.
35
. J. Merchant, “The State of Mental Health Care,”
Smoky Mountain News
(NC), January 16, 2008;
North Carolina’s Mental Health Care Crisis and the Resulting Challenges Facing Mission Hospital
(Asheville, NC: Mission Health System, January 2011); “Family Thwarted”; C. Hill, “Where to Put Pierce County’s Mentally Ill Jail Inmates?,”
News Tribune
(Tacoma, WA), September 11, 2012; K. Hamilton, “OptumHealth’s Mad Medicine,”
Seattle Weekly
, May 23, 2012.
36
. Scull, “The Rights of the Deviant”; Aldous Huxley,
Collected Essays
(New York: Harper, 1959), 308.
37
. Torrey,
The Insanity Offense
, 179–180.
38
. S. R. Poulin et al., “Service Use and Costs for Persons Experiencing Chronic Homelessness in Philadelphia: A Population-Based Study,”
Psychiatric Services 61
, no. 11 (2010): 1093–1098; J. O’Malley, “$15 Million Tab for the Homeless,”
Reno (NV) Gazette Journal
, December 12, 2007; M. Gladwell, “Million-Dollar Murray,”
New Yorker
, February 3, 2006.
39
. S. F. Jencks, M. V. Williams, and E. A. Coleman, “Rehospitalizations among Patients in the Medicare Fee-for-Service Program,”
New England Journal of Medicine 360
, no. 14
(2009): 1418–1428; C. Boyd et al., “Faces of Medicaid: Clarifying Multimorbidity Patterns to Improve Targeting and Delivery of Clinical Services for Medicaid Populations,” Center for Health Care Strategies Data Brief, December 2010,
http://www.chcs.org/publications3960/publications_show.htm?doc_id=1261201
; S. X. Sun et al., “Review and Analysis of Hospitalization Costs Associated with Antipsychotic Nonadherence in the Treatment of Schizophrenia in the United States,”
Current Medical Research and Opinions 23
, no. 10 (2007): 2305–2312; R. I. Garis and K. C. Farmer, “Examining Costs of Chronic Conditions in a Medicaid Population,”
Managed Care 11
, no. 8 (2002): 43–50.
40
.
Action for Mental Health
, 262; “Oregon Plan: Future of MH Services Up in the Air,”
Psychiatric News
, May 19, 1995, 1, 30; D. A. Pollack et al., “Prioritization of Mental Health Services in Oregon,”
Milbank Quarterly 72
, no. 3 (1994): 515–550.
41
. P. M. Gillig et al., “What Do Police Officers Really Want from the Mental Health System?”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41
, no. 6 (1990): 663–665; M. Tran, K. Pang, and H. G. Reza, “Shocked Family of O.C. Sniper Says He Was ‘a Sweetheart,’ ”
Los Angeles Times
, June 16, 2004.
42
. P.-R. Noth, “Care, Safety of Patients Should Trump Cost Issue,”
Rome (GA) News-Tribune
, March 13, 2011.
43
. J. Lambe, “New Kansas Law Lets Police Know If Offenders Are Mentally Ill,”
Kansas City Star
, May 29, 2011; M. Sharpe, “APD to Train Officers to Better Deal with Mentally Ill,”
KOB.com
(Albuquerque, NM), May 11, 2011; E. Goode, “States Seeking New Registries for Criminals,”
New York Times
, May 21, 2011.
44
. Talbott,
The Death of the Asylum
, 174.
45
. T. L. Mark et al., “Changes in US Spending on Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment, 1986–2005, and Implications for Policy,”
Health Affairs
30, no. 2 (2011): 284–292; R. Frank et al., “Medicaid and Mental Health”; Rowland et al., “Accomplishments and Challenges.”
46
. C. Shirk, “Medicaid and Mental Health Services,” National Health Policy Forum Background Paper No. 66 (Washington, DC: George Washington University, 2008); J. R. Bloom et al., “Capitation of Public Mental Health Services in Colorado: A Five-Year Follow-up of System-Level Effects,”
Psychiatric Services 62
, no. 2 (2011): 179–185.
47
. Rowland et al, “Accomplishments and Challenges.”
48
. “UnitedHealth Group Reports First Quarter Results” (press release) (Minneapolis: UnitedHealth Group, April 20, 2010); C. Zinko, “Ultra-wealthy Enjoy Living in Luxury Above It All in S.F.,” SFGate.com, April 8, 2001,
http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Ultra-Wealthy-Enjoy-Living-in-Luxury-Above-It-All-2933852.php
.
49
. See, for example, Torrey,
Out of the Shadows
, 131–140; A. A. Miles, R. Walter-Heinrichs, and N. Ammari,” ‘Real World’ Functioning in Schizophrenia Patients and Healthy Adults: Assessing Validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Independent Functioning,”
Psychiatry Research 186
, no. 1 (2010): 123–127; R. Richieri et al., “The Schizophrenia Caregiver Quality of Life Questionnaire (S-CGQoL): Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Quality of Life of Caregivers of Individuals with Schizophrenia,”
Schizophrenia Research 126
, no. 1–3 (2010): 192–201; and T. Lutterman et al.,
Sixteen-State Study on Mental Health Performance Measures
, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 03-3835 (Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003).
50
.
Action for Mental Health
, 301.
51
. Frank L. Wright,
Out of Sight Out of Mind
(Philadelphia: National Mental Health Foundation, 1947), 45.
Abramson, Marc,
98
ACT (Assertive Community Treatment),
152
–
53
Action for Mental Health
(Joint Commission report),
31
–
32
,
39
,
44
,
160
Adams, Yetta,
108
Aftercare (outpatient) programs, state-run,
51
–
54
,
93
–
94
Agnews State Hospital,
97
Aldridge, Lionel,
102
Allaway, Edward,
99
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),
86
,
102
American Legion,
31
American Psychiatric Association,
26
Anti-psychiatry movement,
75
–
76
AOT (assisted outpatient treatment),
147
–
48
,
149
–
50
t
An Approach to Community Mental Health
(Caplan),
46
Area Redevelopment Agency,
51
Arkansas,
149
t
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT),
152
–
53
Assisted outpatient treatment (AOT),
147
–
48
,
149
–
50
t
Asylums.
see
state mental hospitals
Asylums
(Goffman),
45
Atwell, Robert,
42
,
44
–
46
,
50
,
51
,
139
Barcella, Gerald,
112
Barr, Murray,
159
Battle Creek Adventist hospital,
79
Bellak, Leopold,
70
Beverly Enterprises,
97
Bhugra, Dinesh,
146
Billingslea, Darrell,
135
Bipolar disorder
classification of,
10
economic costs of,
159
estimates of number of,
148
–
51
,
149
–
50
t
,
153
incarceration, acts of violence,
103
–
5
,
108
,
112
,
121
,
125
,
133
–
35
lack of understanding of,
141
medication compliance,
121
,
146
–
47
theories of,
21
Black Panthers,
70
Board-and-care homes
abuse of persons in,
101
episodes of violence in,
96
–
97
,
107
–
8
,
126
–
27
,
136
oversight, inspection of,
126
,
155
–
56
,
192
n30
Brown, Bertram S.
agenda,
80
on Felix,
18
Interagency Committee on Mental Health,
42
–
51
on Lasker’s campaign contributions,
29
mental retardation efforts,
40
–
44
on program coordination,
73
on program success,
140
on Yolles’ view of state hospitals,
63
Brown, Joyce,
102
Brown, Willie,
108
Caffall, Thomas,
134
Cahous, Audrey,
135
Califano, Joseph,
85
California
assisted outpatient treatment (AOT),
147
–
48
,
149
–
50
t
board-and-care homes in,
96
–
97
,
101
,
107
–
8
Central City CMHC,
65
Contra Costa County study,
105
deinstitutionalization in (
see
deinstitutionalization)