American Psychosis (40 page)

45
. J. Dwyer, “After a Death Seen on Tape, Change Is Promised,”
New York Times
, July 12, 2008.

46
. M. Moran, “Mental Illness Accounts for Large Portion of ED Resources,”
Psychiatric News
, August 20, 2010; A. Judd and A. Miller, “Mental Patient Backlog Jams ER,”
Atlanta Journal Constitution
, November 28, 2007; C. Smith, “Task Force Recommends Changes to State’s Involuntary Commitment Laws,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, October 9, 2008; “9 Patients Made Nearly 2,700 ER Visits in Texas,” Associated Press Archive, April 1, 2009; M. Biesecker, “Mentally Ill Wait Longer in ERs,”
News and Observer
(Raleigh, NC), January 20, 2011; K. Brown, “Fewer Beds at S.C. Psychiatric Hospitals Mean More Mentally Ill Patients End Up in Emergency Rooms,”
Independent Mail
(Anderson, SC), April 2, 2011; K. Alexander, “Fresno County to Reopen Mentally Ill Crisis Center,”
Fresno (CA) Bee
, March 11, 2012.

47
. P. J. Taylor, “Psychosis and Violence: Stories, Fears, and Reality,”
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53
, no. 10 (2008): 647–659; C. C. Joyal et al., “Major Mental Disorders and Violence: A Critical Update,”
Current Psychiatry Reviews 3
, no. 1 (2007): 33–50; K. S. Douglas, L. S. Guy, and S. D. Hart, “Psychosis as a Risk Factor for Violence to
Others: A Meta-analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin 135
, no. 5 (2009): 679–706; S. Fazel et al., “Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,”
PLoS Medicine 6
, no. 8 (2009): e1000120.

48
. T. Ruiz, “Was Schizophrenia to Blame for Emergency Landing?,”
ConnectAmarillo.com
(TX), October 20, 2011,
http://www.connectamarillo.com/news/story.aspx?id=677065#.UIr9tIZ0bNg
; W. Yardley, “White House Shooting Suspect’s Path to Extremism,”
New York Times
, November 20, 2011; J. Mobilia, “Man Suspected of Taking Chainsaw to Utility Poles in Court,”
YNN.com
(NY), January 26, 2012,
http://jamestown.ynn.com/content/all_news/571597/man-suspected-of-taking-chainsaw-to-utility-poles-in-court/
.

49
. J. C. Matejkowski, S. W. Cullen, and P. L. Solomon, “Characteristics of Persons with Severe Mental Illness Who Have Been Incarcerated for Murder,”
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 36
, no. 1 (2008): 74–86; S. Fazel and M. Grann, “Psychiatric Morbidity among Homicide Offenders: A Swedish Population Study,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 161
, no. 11 (2004): 2129–2131; S. Fazel et al., “Homicide in Discharged Patients with Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A National Case-Control Study,”
Schizophrenia Research 123
, no. 2–3 (2010): 263–269; M. Eronen, J. Tilhonen, and P. Hakola, “Schizophrenia and Homicidal Behavior,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin 22
, no. 1 (1996): 83–89; P. Gottlieb, G. Gabrielson, and P. Kamp, “Psychotic Homicides in Copenhagen from 1959 to 1983,”
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 76
, no. 3 (1987): 285–292; M. Erb et al., “Homicide and Schizophrenia: Maybe Treatment Does Have a Preventive Effect,”
Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 11
, no. 1 (2011): 6–26; K. G. W. W. Koh, K. P. Gwee, and Y. H. Chan, “Psychiatric Aspects of Homicide in Singapore: A Five-Year Review (1997–2001),”
Singapore Medical Journal 47
, no. 4 (2006): 297–304.

50
. M. Graczyk and J. A. Lozano, “Family: Texas Shootout Gunman Had Mental Illness,” Associated Press, August 14, 2012; “Family Thwarted in Getting Laura the Help She So Desperately Needs,”
News Tribune
(Tacoma, WA), August 15, 2012.

51
. S. James, “After ’75 Murders of His Family, Detroit Man Again Accused of Killing Family,”
Detroit Free Press
, January 28, 2000; “Suspect in Everett Stabbing Committed Nearly Identical Crime in 1980,”
King5.com
(WA), July 20, 2010,
http://www.king5.com/news/local/Suspect-in-Everett-stabbing-has-attacked-before-98833949.html
; D. Morse and M. P. Flaherty, “Woman Again Accused of Stabbing Shoppers,”
Washington Post
, October 13, 2011.

52
. J. Walker and J. Nolan, “Slaying Suspect Was Off His Meds,”
Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch
, October 29, 2007; L. Crimaldi, “A Killer’s Release,”
Boston Herald
, December 17, 2007; J. Emily, “Three-Time Murderer Gets 50 Years in ‘08 Lake Highlands Slaying,”
Dallas Morning News
, July 29, 2009; J. Sullivan, J. Martin, and C. Clarridge, “DNA Links Felon to Slaying on Capitol Hill,”
Seattle Times
, January 26, 2008; K. Mitchell, “Fatal Knife Attack Not a Shock,”
Denver Post
, June 15, 2008; T. Alex, “Suspect in Des Moines Killings Strangled Colo. Man in ’91,”
Des Moines Register
, July 16, 2008; A. Furillo, “Sacramento Homicide Spotlights Gap in Mental Health Care,”
Sacramento Bee
, November 23, 2008.

53
. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Homicide Trends in the United States” (Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 1950–2005),
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/tables/totalstab.cfm
.

54
. K. Ablow, “Mental Illness May Have Prompted Empire State Building Shooting,”
FoxNews.com
, August 24, 2012,
http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/08/24/prediction-empire-state-building-shooter-will-turn-out-to-be-mentally-ill/
.

55
. “Table 38, Percentage Distribution of Recipients by Diagnostic Group, by State or Other Area, December 2009,”
SSI Annual Statistical Report
(Washington, DC: Social Security
Administration, 2009),
http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr/2009/sect06.html#table38
(the total number of SSI recipients was multiplied by the percentage with “mental disorders, other” for each state); “Table 10, Number, by State or Other Area and Diagnostic Group, December 2009,”
Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2009
(Washington, DC: Social Security Administration, 2009),
http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/2009/sect01b.html#table10
; H. H. Goldman, A. A. Gattozzi, and C. A. Taube, “Defining and Counting the Chronically Mentally Ill,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 32
, no. 1 (1981): 21–27.

56
. T. L. Mark et al., “Changes in US Spending on Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment, 1986–2005, and Implications for Policy,”
Health Affairs 30
, no. 2 (2011): 284–292; W. Gronfein, “Incentives and Intentions in Mental Health Policy: A Comparison of the Medicaid and Community Mental Health Programs,”
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
,
26
, no. 3 (1985): 192–206; R. G. Frank, H. H. Goldman, and M. Hogan, “Medicaid and Mental Health: Be Careful What You Ask For,”
Health Affairs 22
, no. 1 (2003): 101–113.

57
. D. Rowland, R. Garfield, and R. Elias, “Accomplishments and Challenges in Medicaid Mental Health,”
Health Affairs 22
, no. 5 (2003): 73–83; Frank et al., “Medicaid and Mental Health”; “Table 24, SMHA-controlled Mental Health Revenues, by Revenue Source and by State, FY 2008,”
NASMHPD Research Institute 2008 State Survey
(Falls Church, VA: NRI Inc., 2008),
http://www.nri-inc.org/projects/profiles/RevExp2008/T24.pdf
; Mark et al, “Changes in US Spending.”

58
. Mark et al., “Changes in US Spending”; J. J. Stephan,
State Prison Expenditures, 2001
(Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004).

59
. E. Q. Wu et al., “The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2002,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66
, no. 9 (2005): 1122–1129.

60
. T. R. Insel, “Assessing the Economic Costs of Serious Mental Illness,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 165
, no. 6 (2008): 663–665; D. E. Marcotte and S. Markowitz, “A Cure for Crime? Psycho-pharmaceuticals and Crime Trends,” Working Paper 15354 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009),
http://www.nber.org/papers/w15354
.

Chapter 8

1
.
Deinstitutionalization, Mental Illness, and Medications, Senate Hearings Before the Comm. on Finance
, 103rd Cong. 1–3 (1994).

2
. Atwell, interview by author; Atwell, personal communication to author, March 10, 2011; Rashi Fein, personal communication to author, December 21, 2010.

3
. R. H. Felix, “A Model for Comprehensive Mental Health Centers,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 54
, no. 12 (1964): 1964–1969; R. D. Lyons, “How Release of Mental Patients Began,”
New York Times
, October 30, 1984; Bertram S. Brown, personal communication to author, March 11, 1988.

4
. S. F. Yolles, “The Future of Community Psychiatry,” in Barton and Sanborn,
An Assessment
, 169–185.

5
. Lyons, “Release of Mental Patients”; Brown, interviews by author, October 15 and December 22, 2010.

6
. A. Scull, “A New Trade in Lunacy”; A. T. Scull, “The Decarceration of the Mentally Ill: A Critical View,”
Politics and Society 173
, no. 2 (1976): 173–212, quoting George W. Brown.

7
. Felix, interview; C. Krauthammer, “For the Homeless: Asylum,”
Washington Post
, January 4, 1985.

8
. F. N. Arnoff, “Social Consequences of Policy toward Mental Illness,”
Science 188
, no. 4195 (1975): 1277–1281.

9
. G. J. Maier, “The Tyranny of Irresponsible Freedom,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40
, no. 5 (1989): 453.

10
. M. J. Berens, “Mentally Ill ‘Vanish’ ” (6n28).

11
. E. F. Torrey, “Bureaucratic Insanity,”
National Review
, July 20, 2011.

12
. Arnoff, “Social Consequences”; Felicetti,
Mental Health and Retardation Politics
, 32, quoting Mike Gorman; Frank Ochberg, interview by author, March 21, 2011.

13
. S. P. Segal, “Civil Commitment Law, Mental Health Services, and US Homicide Rates,”
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47
, no. 9 (2012): 1449–1458; A. Rosenblatt, “Providing Custodial Care for Mental Patients: An Affirmative View,”
Psychiatric Quarterly 48
, no. 1 (1974): 14–25; “The Need for Asylum,”
Lancet
378, no. 9785 (2011): 1.

14
. Torrey et al.,
Shortage of Public Hospital Beds
.

15
. Xavier Amador and Anthony David, eds.,
Insight and Psychosis: Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

16
. B. G. Link et al., “Arrest Outcomes Associated with Outpatient Commitment in New York State,”
Psychiatric Services 62
, no. 5 (2011): 504–508;
Kendra’s Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment
(Albany, NY: New York State Office of Mental Health, 2005); V. A. Hiday et al., “Impact of Outpatient Commitment on Victimization of People with Severe Mental Illness,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 159
, no. 8 (2002): 1403–1411; G. Tsai, “Assisted Outpatient Treatment: Preventive, Recovery-Based Care for the Most Seriously Mentally Ill,”
Resident’s Journal 7
, no. 6 (2012): 16–18.

17
. J. W. Swanson et al., “Involuntary Out-Patient Commitment and Reduction of Violent Behaviour in Persons with Severe Mental Illness,”
British Journal of Psychiatry 176
, no. 4 (2000): 324–331;
Kendra’s Law
; C. O’Keefe, D. P. Potenza, and K. T. Mueser, “Treatment Outcomes for Severely Mentally Ill Patients on Conditional Discharge to Community-Based Treatment,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185
, no. 6 (1997): 409–411.

18
. Torrey,
The Insanity Offense
, 179–180; D. A. Regier et al., “The De Facto Mental and Addictive Disorders Service System. Epidemiologic Catchment Area Prospective 1-Year Prevalence Rates of Disorders and Services,”
Archives of General Psychiatry 50
, no. 2 (1993): 85–94.

19
. Slovenko and Luby, “On the Emancipation of Mental Patients”; “The Discharged Chronic Mental Patient,”
Medical World News
, April 12, 1974; Torrey,
Nowhere to
Go, xiv, quoting an interview of Mike Gorman. The Gorman letter to the
New York Times
, dated November 5, 1984, is among the Mike Gorman papers in the National Library of Medicine; it was apparently never published.

20
. Dumont,
Treating the Poor
, 16, 26.

21
. Felix, interview; Ochberg, interview; Panzetta,
Community Mental Health
, 28; W. G. Smith and D. W. Hart, “Community Mental Health: A Noble Failure?,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 26
, no. 9 (1975): 581–583.

22
. Claudewell R. Thomas, interview by author, March 30, 2011.

23
. J. R. Ewalt, “Services for the Mentally Ill: Rational or Irrational?,”
Mental Hygiene 15
, no. 2 (1964): 63–66; M. A. Test, “Continuity of Care in Community Treatment,”
New Directions for Mental Health Services
, no. 2 (1979): 15–23; E. F. Torrey, “Continuous Treatment Teams in the Care of the Chronic Mentally Ill,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 37
, no. 12 (1986): 1243–1247.