American Psychosis (37 page)

9
. E. F. Torrey, “Community Mental Health Policy—Tennis, Anyone?”
Wall Street Journal
, March 29, 1990; E. Fuller Torrey and Robert L. Taylor,
A Minuet of Mutual Deception: NIMH and the Community Mental Health Centers
(Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 1972); Chu and Trotter,
The Madness Establishment
, 116.

10
. Lawrence S. Kubie, “Pitfalls of Community Psychiatry,”
Archives of General Psychiatry 18
, no. 3 (1968): 257–266.

11
. Torrey and Taylor,
A Minuet
; E. Fuller Torrey, Sidney M. Wolfe, and Laurie M. Flynn,
Fiscal Misappropriations in Programs for the Mentally Ill: A Report on Illegality and Failure of
the Federal Construction Grant Program for Community Mental Health Centers
, publicly released by the Public Citizen Health Research Group, Washington, DC, and the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Arlington, Va., March 23, 1990.

12
. C. Windle and D. Scully, “Community Mental Health Centers and the Decreasing Use of State Mental Hospitals,”
Community Mental Health Journal 12
, no. 3 (1976): 239–243; J. R. Doidge and C. W. Rodgers, “Is NIMH’s Dream Coming True? Wyoming’s Centers Reduce State Hospital Admissions,”
Community Mental Health Journal 12
, no. 4 (1976): 399–404; Comptroller General,
Returning the Mentally Ill to the Community
.

13
. Robert F. Rich,
Bypassing State Government to Meet National Needs: Assessing Federal Initiatives of the 1960s through the Lens of the 1980s
, report of NIMH grants MH 30792 and 37799, mimeo, 1985; B. Brown, “Ousted NIMH Chief Responds to Criticism,”
U.S. Medicine 14
, no. 1 (1978), 14; B. Brown, “Psychiatric Practice and Public Policy,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 125
, no. 2 (1968): 141–146; Brown, interviews by author, October 15 and December 22, 2010.

14
. Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 91; Chu and Trotter,
The Madness Establishment
, 29.

15
.
Community Mental Health Centers—Oversight, Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Public Health and Environment, Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, Serial no. 93-39, 93rd Cong. 9 (1973) (statement of Bertram S. Brown); NIMH official, interview by author, reported in E. Fuller Torrey,
Nowhere to Go
, 188.

16
.
Public Health Service Act Extension
, Hearings on S. 1136, Before the Subcomm. on Health, Comm. on Labor and Public Welfare, 93rd Cong. 39–41 (1973).

17
. S. Feldman, “Promises, Promises or Community Mental Health Services and Training: Ships That Pass in the Night,”
Community Mental Health Journal 14
, no. 2 (1978): 83–91; F. M. Ochberg, “Community Mental Health Center Legislation: Flight of the Phoenix,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 133
, no. 1 (1976): 56–61.

18
. Chu and Trotter,
The Madness Establishment
, 106–107; Comptroller General of the United States, Report to Congress,
Need for More Effective Management of Community Mental Health Centers Program
(Washington, DC: Comptroller General of the US, August 27, 1974), 33.

19
. Torrey and Taylor,
A Minuet
; E. F. Torrey, “Stealing from the Mentally Ill,”
Public Citizen
, July/August 1990, 22–23.

20
. Feldman, “Promises, Promises.”

21
. Task Panel,
The President’s Commission
, 2:315.

22
. Ibid., 4:1855; Ibid., 2:367.

23
. “ ‘Diluted’ Care Ascribed to Mental Health Clinic,”
U.S. Medicine
13 (1977): 1, 27; Musto, “Whatever Happened”; J. C. Turner and W. J. TenHoor, “The NIMH Community Support Program: Pilot Approach to a Needed Social Reform,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin 4
, no. 3 (1978): 319–344.

24
. Bruce J. Ennis,
Prisoners of Psychiatry
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1972), 232; Wikipedia,
King of Hearts
(1966 film), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hearts_(1966_film).

25
. S. M. Rose, “Deciphering Deinstitutionalization: Complexities in Policy and Program Analysis,”
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society 57
, no. 4 (1979): 429–460.

26
. Murray Levine,
Theory and Politics
, 199.

27
. H. E. Cauvin, “President Offered in ’83 to Meet with Hinckley,”
Washington Post
, June 12, 2004; K. Horak, “In ‘Perfect American Family,’ Tragedy Hits Twice in 2 Years,”
Washington Post
, March 27, 1983.

28
. R. H. Felix, “Mental Hygiene and Public Health.”

29
. Bahn and Norman, “First National Report.”

30
. Smucker,
Promise, Progress, and Pain
, 27; Rich,
Bypassing State Government
.

31
. Levine,
Theory and Politics
, 91;
Proceedings of the National Governors’ Association Annual Meeting: Governors’ Policy Position on Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and the Elderly
(Washington, DC: National Association of Mental Health, September 9, 1977).

32
. R. Slovenko and E. D. Luby, “From Moral Treatment to Railroading Out of the Mental Hospital,”
Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2
, no. 4 (1974): 223–236; Comptroller General,
Returning the Mentally Ill to the Community
; Turner and TenHoor, “The NIMH Community Support Program”; Gruenberg and Archer, “Abandonment of Responsibility”; Levine,
Theory and Politics
, 92.

33
. Matusow,
The Unraveling of America
, 220, 260, 263.

34
.
Community Mental Health Centers Amendments of 1969, Hearings on S. 2523, Before the Subcomm. on Health, Comm. on Labor and Public Welfare
, 91st Cong. 98 (statement of Horace G. Whittington); A. F. Panzetta, “Whatever Happened to Community Mental Health: Portents for Corporate Medicine,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36
, no. 11 (1985): 1174–1179.

Chapter 6

1
. E. F. Torrey et al.,
Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill: A Rating of State Programs
(Washington, DC: Public Citizen Health Research Group and the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1990), 25.

2
. H. R. Searight and P. J. Handal, “Psychiatric Deinstitutionalization: The Possibilities and the Reality,”
Psychiatric Quarterly 58
, no. 3 (1986–87): 153–166; R. Reich and L. Siegel, “Psychiatry under Siege: The Chronically Mentally Ill Shuffle to Oblivion,”
Psychiatric Annals 3
(1973): 35–55; Subcommittee on Long-Term Care of the Special Committee on Aging, US Senate,
Nursing Home Care in the United States: Failure in Public Policy, Supporting Paper No. 7. The Role of Nursing Homes in Caring for Discharged Mental Patients (and the Birth of a For-Profit Boarding Home Industry)
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976), 719.

3
. G. L. Klerman, “Better But Not Well: Social and Ethical Issues in the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin 3
, no. 4 (1977): 617–631; E. N. Goplerud, “Unexpected Consequences of Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Disabled Elderly,”
American Journal of Community Psychiatry 7
, no. 3 (1979): 315–328.

4
. H. R. Lamb and V. Goertzel, “Discharged Mental Patients—Are They Really in the Community?”
Archives of General Psychiatry 24
, no. 1 (1971): 29–34 (this report was originally presented at a meeting in 1969 and then published in 1971).

5
. Greenblatt and Glazier, “The Phasing Out of Mental Hospitals”; H. R. Lamb, “The New Asylums in the Community,”
Archives of General Psychiatry 36
, no. 2 (1979): 129–134; J. Chase, “Where Have All the Patients Gone?”
Human Behavior
, October 1973, 14–21.

6
. E. Fuller Torrey,
The Insanity Offense: How America’s Failure to Treat the Seriously Mentally Ill Endangers Its Citizens
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 43–44.

7
. “The Discharged Chronic Mental Patient,”
Medical World News
, April 12, 1974, 47–58; Riech and Siegel, “Psychiatry under Siege”; J. A. Talbott, “Deinstitutionalization: Avoiding the Disasters of the Past,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 30
, no. 9 (1979): 621–624.

8
. M. F. Abramson, “The Criminalization of Mentally Disordered Behavior: Possible Side-Effect of a New Mental Health Law,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 23
, no. 4 (1972): 101–105.

9
. Dennis G. Amundsen et al.,
A Study of the Need for and Availability of Mental Health Services for Mentally Disordered Jail Inmates and Juveniles in Detention Facilities
(Sacramento: Arthur Bolton Associates, 1976); G. Swank and D. Winer, “Occurrence of Psychiatric Disorder in a County Jail Population,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 133
, no. 11 (1976): 1331–1333; W. Bromberg and C. B. Thompson, “The Relation of Psychosis, Mental Defect and Personality Types to Crime,”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 28
(1937): 70–88; Torrey,
The Insanity Offense
, 45.

10
. L. Sosowsky, “Explaining the Increased Arrest Rate among Mental Patients: A Cautionary Note,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 137
, no. 12 (1980): 1602–1605; J. C. Bonovitz and J. S. Bonovitz, “Diversion of the Mentally Ill into the Criminal Justice System: The Police Intervention Perspective,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 138
, no. 7 (1981): 973–976.

11
. Torrey,
The Insanity Offense
, 40–41, 48.

12
. Testimony of Dr. Andrew Robertson before the Select Committee on Proposed Phaseout of State Hospital Services, May 18–October 10, 1973, California State Archives (also quoted in Chase, “Where Have All the Patients Gone?”).

13
. “Denying the Mentally Ill” (editorial),
New York Times
, June 5, 1981; R. D. Lyons, “How Release of Mental Patients Began,”
New York Times
, October 30, 1984.

14
. Rebecca Tarkington Craig and Barbara Wright,
Mental Health Financing and Programming: A Legislator’s Guide
(Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1988), 4–5.

15
. Subcommittee on Long-Term Care,
Nursing Home Care in the United States
; M. Snowden and P. Roy-Byrne, “Mental Illness and Nursing Home Reform: OBRA-87 Ten Years Later,”
Psychiatric Services 49
, no. 2 (1998): 229–233.

16
. “9 Ex-patients Kept in Primitive Shed in Mississippi,”
New York Times
, October 21, 1982; “Fire Raises Questions about Mental Patients,”
New York Times
, March 25, 1984; A. Scull, “A New Trade in Lunacy: The Recommodification of the Mental Patient,”
American Behavioral Scientist 24
, no. 6 (1981): 741–754; A. F. Lehman and L. S. Linn, “Crimes against Discharged Mental Patients in Board-and-Care Homes,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 141
, no. 2 (1984): 271–274.

17
. E. L. Bassuk, L. Rubin, and A. Lauriat, “Is Homelessness a Mental Health Problem?”
American Journal of Psychiatry 141
, no. 12 (1984): 1546–1550.

18
. R. K. Farr,
The Homeless Mentally Ill and the Los Angeles Skid Row Mental Health Project
(Los Angeles, CA: Department of Mental Health, 1985).

19
. P. Gold, “Revolving Door Traps Mentally Ill,”
Insight
, October 19, 1987, 22–23.

20
. R. E. Drake, M. A. Wallach, and J. S. Hoffman, “Housing Instability and Homelessness among Aftercare Patients in an Urban State Hospital,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40
, no. 1 (1989): 46–51; J. R. Belcher, “Rights versus Needs of Homeless Mentally Ill Persons,”
Social Work 33
, no. 5 (1988): 398–402; H. R. Lamb, “Deinstitutionalization at the Crossroads,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39
, no. 9 (1988): 941–945.

21
. R. Jemelka, E. Trupin, and J. A. Chiles, “The Mentally Ill in Prisons: A Review,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40
, no. 5 (1989): 481–491; “Virginia Study Urges Stronger Community Supports to Keep Mentally Ill Out of Jail,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
36 (1985): 420, 429; H. J. Steadman et al., “A Survey of Mental Disability among State Prison Inmates,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 38
, no. 10 (1987): 1086–1090; M. Collett, “The Crime of Mental Health: Mental Patients Freed from Hospitals Are Winding Up in Jail, Where They Aren’t Safe,”
Valley Times
(Pleasanton, CA), December 15, 1981; H. W. Neighbors et al.,
The Prevalence of Mental Disorder in Michigan Prisons
(Lansing: Report submitted to the Michigan Department of Corrections, July 2, 1987); E. Guy et al., “Mental
Health Status of Prisoners in an Urban Jail,”
Criminal Justice and Behavior 12
, no. 1 (1985): 29–53; Torrey et al.,
Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill
.

22
. J. R. Belcher, “Are Jails Replacing the Mental Health System for the Homeless Mentally Ill?”
Community Mental Health Journal 24
, no. 3 (1988): 185–195; H. R. Lamb, “Incompetency to Stand Trial,”
Archives of General Psychiatry 44
, no. 8 (1987): 754–758; L. Kilzer, “Jails as a ‘Halfway House’ or Long-Term Commitment?”
Denver Post
, June 3, 1984; Collett, “The Crime of Mental Health”; D. A. Treffert, “The Obviously Ill Patient in Need of Treatment,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
36, no. 3 (1985): 259–264.