Alan Turing: The Enigma (131 page)

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Authors: Andrew Hodges

Tags: #Biography & Autobiography, #Science & Technology, #Computers, #History, #Mathematics, #History & Philosophy

BOOK: Alan Turing: The Enigma
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Moore, G. E.
137
,
153
Moore School (University of Pennsylvania)
300
,
342–3
,
353
{see also
ENIAC. EDVAC)
Moorehead, Alan
499
Moral Science Club, Cambridge
85
,
89
,
136
,
372
Morcom, Christopher C.
35

45
;
after death
46

53
,
62–3
,
67
,
70
,
75–6
,
108
,
152
,
374
,
381
Morcom, Mrs (Christopher’s mother)
38
,
42
,
46

53
,
55
,
59
,
62–4
,
67
,
70
,
75
,
115–6
,
208
Morcom, Reginald (Christopher’s father)
38
,
51
,
53
,
63
,
116
Morcom, Rupert (Christopher’s brother)
38

40
,
44
,
48–9
,
51
,
76
,
116
,
368
morphogenesis
see
growth; plants; daisy; fir cone
mountain-climbing
17
,
26
,
216
,
269
,
387
,
389
Mountbatten, Earl
261–2
,
347–9
,
369
Muggeridge, Malcolm
163
,
210
,
237–8
multiplier, electric relay
138–40
,
146
,
148
,
155
,
251
,
299
,
328
Murray, Arnold
449–50
,
452–5
,
456–8
,
463
,
471–3
,
537
mushrooms
279–81
,
490
Nancy, France
395
,
403
Nanny Thompson
6
,
9
National Bureau of Standards (USA)
316
National Physical Laboratory
see
NPL
National Research Development Corporation
438
,
447
National Security Agency (USA)
507–8
;
see also
CSAW
Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know
(Brewster):
on machine model
13
,
96
;
on brain
17
,
28
,
266
,
291–2
;
on sex, chemicals and growth
11–2
,
18
,
26
,
429–31
,
435
,
467
Nature
(journal)
347
,
357
Navy, British: ‘Our Fighting Navy’
87
;
and origin
of GC and CS
146
;
intelligence, lack of
187–90
;
reaction to Enigma decryption
200–2
,
218–9
,
260–2
;
communications of
165
,
260–2
;
see also
Merchant Navy
Navy, US
218
,
222
,
234–6
,
299
;
see also
CSAW
Nazism
86

90
,
140
,
150
,
253–4
,
264
,
348
Nelson, G. (English Electric)
339
nerves
see under
brain
Neumann, John von
see
von Neumann
‘Neville’
see
Johnson, S. N.
New Hampshire
128
New Statesman
73–4
,
87
,
140
,
193
,
308
New York City
116
,
128
,
242
,
245
,
249
,
253
New York Times
501
n
Newman E. A. (Ted)
395
Newman, Lyn (Lyn Irvine)
396
,
472
,
475
,
485
,
516–7
,
519
, 528
Newman, M. H. A. (Max):
and mathematics at Cambridge
90

94
;
and
Computable Numbers
109
,
111–3
;
collaborates with AMT
215–6
;
role at Bletchley
230–1
,
266–8
,
277
;
and origin of ACE
307
,
408
;
starts Manchester computer
340–2
,
344
;
offers AMT post
372
,
276
;
at Manchester
390
,
394
,
396–8
,
406–7
,
438
,
441
discusses machine intelligence
415
,
450–1
;
and trial
464–6
,
472
;
as biographer
531
, note 2.
38
News of the World
474
News Review
403–4
‘Nick’
see
Furbank, P. N.
Nietzsche
308
Nim, NIMROD
442–3
,
446
Nineteen Eighty-Four
(Orwell)
424
,
526
Norfolk, C. 1.
306
Norway, Norwegian: in war
189–90
,
198
;
AMT and Kjell
476
,
479
,
483
,
503
Novikov, P. S.
495
Nowell Smith, C.
20
,
22
,
24
,
26

30
; and Mrs Nowell Smith,
20
Noyce, Wilfrid
387
,
387
n
NPL (National Physical Laboratory):
as organisation
305–7
,
338–9
;
AMT joins
307
,
316
;
resigns
376–7
;
revisits
407
,
483
;
computer development at
see under
ACE
NRDC (National Research Development Corporation)
438
,
447
NSA (National Security Agency, USA)
507–8
;
see also
CSAW
Nuffield Foundation, conference of
466
numbers: theory of numbers
133–5
;
(see also
Riemann)
binary numbers
138
,
299
,
320–1
,
398–9
;
complex numbers
82
,
134
,
141
,
152
,
249
,
278
n,
280
,
299
computable numbers
100
,
102
,
124
,
133
Fibonacci numbers
207–8
,
281
,
430
,
435
,
437
,
477
floating-point numbers
325
,
367
,
400
,
478
imaginary numbers
82
n
prime numbers
61
,
134–5
,
156
,
397–8
rational numbers
100–1
real numbers
82
,
100
,
124
,
316
,
451
numerical analysis
316
,
337
,
344
,
355
,
372
Nyquist, H.
248–9
OBE (Officer of British Empire)
338
,
472
,
472
n
O’Hanlon, Geoffrey
20
,
23

25
,
30–2
,
47–8
,
53–5
,
59
,
67–8
,
532
n
OIC (Operational Intelligence Centre, Admiralty)
188–9
,
191
,
202
,
244
,
260
Olympic Games
386–7
On Computable Numbers … see Computable Numbers
one-time pad cipher
162
,
164
,
284
;
see also
Vernam
Oppenheimer, J. Robert
511
optics
333
,
406
ordinal logics, numbers
131
,
142–4
,
157
,
212
,
360
‘organotherapy’
467–74
,
476
,
486
,
505
,
505
n
Orwell, George (pseud.)
7

8
,
310
,
363
,
424
,
503
,
526–7
Oxford
17
,
216
,
346
,
450
pacifism
see
war
paper tape, teleprinter
228–9
,
231
,
267
,
270
,
321
,
334
,
398–9
,
409
,
482
n
Paris
311–2
,
386
,
428
,
448
,
484–6
Parliament
158
,
160
,
458
n,
501
,
504–6
patents, in AMT’s name
355
, note 6.
36
Pauli, W.
126
; exclusion principle
514
Peano, G., Peano axioms
83
,
92
Pierce, C. S.
197
philosophy of mathematics, Wittgenstein’s
153–4
philosophy of science: AMT’s
418–9
;
see also
levels of description; determinism
phyllotaxis
476
;
see also
numbers, Fibonacci
pi, AMT calculates
35
,
100
Piaget, J.
480
Pigou, Arthur C.
73
,
94
,
186
,
209
,
269
,
387
,
389
,
524
Pilot ACE
407–8
,
442
,
444
Pitts, W.
252
,
304
,
343
,
404
plants
11
,
207–8
,
232
,
281
,
430
,
434–5
,
437
,
439
,
476–7
plugboard,
of Enigma
169–70
,
178
poker
213
,
373–4
,
382
,
388
Poland, and Enigma
157
,
170–6
,
179
,
374
Polanyi, John
485
n
Polanyi, Michael
414–5
,
419
,
421
,
431
,
480
,
523
Popplewell, Cicely
401–2
,
441
,
447
,
465
Post, Emil
125
,
412
Post Office Research Station (Dollis Hill, London):
role at Bletchley
226–7
,
231
,
267
,
311
;
and speech encipherment
237
,
245
,
286
,
290
,
346
;
role in ACE
328
,
336–7
,
340
,
349
,
350
,
355
,
366
,
376
,
408

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