Alan Turing: The Enigma (130 page)

Kjell from
Norway, Kjell crisis
476
,
483
,
494
;

significance of
503

Kleene, S. C.
112
,
114–5
,
117–8
,
129
,
133

Knightsbridge barracks
58
,
397

knitting, AMT’s efforts at
207

Knoop, L.
54
,
57

Knox, A. Dillwyn
147
,
151
,
157
,
161
,
187
,
208
,
268

Knutsford, Cheshire
471

Labour party
307–8
,
310–1
,
362

Lake district
75
,
269
,
387

lambda-calculus
112
,
114
,
125
,
129
,
133
,
401
n

language, natural, used by computer
382–3
,
423–4
,
478

languages, programming
326
,
332
,
358
,
367
,
372
,
401
,
478

Laplace
64

Latin
8
,
29
,
30
,
32
,
239

law, criminal, on homosexuality
77
,
458
,
461–2
,
466–7
,
482
;

change of
457
,
479
,
525
n,
534
n

learning, learning machines:
266
,
358–61
,
378–82
,
416–7
,
442–3
,
450–2
;

related to brain physiology
360
,
379
,
436

Lee, W. H. (‘Jumbo’)
271–2
,
345
,
366
;

and Mrs Lee
279–80

Lefschetz, S.
117
,
145

Leicester
428
,
489
,
495

level of description, in science,
64
,
96
,
107–8
,
291
,
372
;

AMT’s definitions
383–4
;

as used in
Mind
paper
405
,
418–26
,
522
;

and in morphogenesis
432
,
434

Levy, H.
404

liberalism
70–5
,
264
,
308–11
,
425
,
464
,
524

Life Force (Shaw)
see under
Spirit

Lighthill, M. J.
444
,
447
,
477

lighting, electric
56
,
68–9

Lind-Smith, G.
471–2

Lindeberg
88

Littlewood, J. E.
135

lobotomy
405
,
470

Lockspeiser, B.
393

logic, mathematical:

AMT introduced to by

Russell
81–6
;

introduced to Hilbert programme by Newman
90–4
;

AMT defines computability by Turing machine
100
;

settles
Entscheidungs problem
103–4
;

this related to Church’s lambda-calculus thesis
111–4
;

and to Post’s ‘worker’
125
;

further developments
119
,
123
,
129–31
,
133
;

ordinal logics
133
,
142–5
;

AMT and Wittgenstein
136
,
153–4
;

AMT’s further work (type theory) in war
215–6
; and after war
355
,
412
;

with Gandy
428
,
454
,
477
,
479
,
480
,
494
;

for elementary logic and logical operations
see
Boole

logical (Boolean) functions on computers
320
,
365
n,
409

logical control (of computer)
322–3
,
328
,
393

logistic view of mathematics
83–6
,
91

London Mathematical Society:

correspondence over
Computable Numbers
112–3
;

AMT’s talk to
356–61
; also quoted
318–20
,
321
,
330–1

Los Alamos
see under
atomic fission

love, love affairs
see under
sexuality

love letters, of computer
477–8

Lovelace, Ada
297
n,
304
,
357–8

Lowes Dickinson, G.
71
,
87
,
310
,
524

Lucas, E., method for testing primes
398

Lucas, Frank
149
,
161

Luftwaffe,
communications of,
see under
Enigma (German air force)

Lyons, J. (company)
56
,
375
,
473

Lyttleton, R. A.
113
,
132

McCarthy, Senator J.
500
,
501
n,
525
n

McCulloch, W.
252
,
304
,
343
,
404
,
411

Machine Intelligence
see under
brain

Mackay, D.
411

Maclean, Donald
501
,
507

Maclure, G.
58

MacPhail, Donald C.
155–6
,
158

MacPhail, Malcolm
137
,
155
,
394

McTaggert, John
63
,
66

magnetic core storage
315
n

magnetic drum, for computer storage
393
,
400
,
400
n

magnetic tape, in speech cipher
245
;

for computer storage
314
,
321

Maltby, Col.
286–7

Manchester, city of
151
,
239
,
289
,
394
,
428–9

Manchester Guardian
394
,
396

Manchester University
155
,
230
,
239
,
340
;

AMT appointed to
372
,
376
;

his trial and
465–6
;

reappointment
486
;

his slight interaction with its intellectual life
394–6
,
412
,
414–5
,
480
,
486

Manchester University Computer, Computing Laboratory:

origin of
340–2
,
349–50
,
372
;

first success of prototype
385
,
392
;

development
390–1
,
393–4
,
397–9
,
403
;

arrival of Mark I
437–8
;

work on Mark II
478
;

AMT’s diminishing
role in
394
,
397
–
403
,
438
,
440–1
,
444–5
,
478
;

as AMT’s personal computer
408–9
,
437
,
445
,
476

Marathon running
346
,
369
,
386

Marlborough College
10
,
19
,
21
,
30

Martin, A. Venable
119
,
127
,
142
,
153

Marxism
see under
communism; Bernal; Hogben

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
155
,
349
,
410

Massinger Society (King’s College)
75

mathematical logic
see
logic

Mathematical Recreations and Essays
(Rouse Ball)
56
,
165
,
167
,
442–3

mathematics: absoluteness of
61
;

‘pur’ and ‘applied’
61
;

modern abstractness of
80–1
;

logical foundations of
82–6
,
90–4
;

internationalist view of
60
;

nationalist view of
86
;

G. H. Hardy on usefulness of
120–1
;

Wittgenstein on philosophy of
153–4
;

AMT on future of, as career for boys
362–3
;

AMT out of touch with
441
,
479
;

AMT unsatisfied by
520

Matthews, Peter B. C.
372–3
,
387
,
389

Mauchly, J. W.
300
,
302
,
355
,
413
,
438

‘Maurice’
see
Pryce, M. H. L.

Maurice
(Forster)
78
,
310

Medawar, P.
474
n

medicine: inspires AMT
7
;

sickness not sin
73–4
,
459–61
;

treatment not punishment
467–71
,
505
,
505
n,
525

memory, of computers
see
storage

Merchant Navy, communications of
164–5
,
259–61

mercury
315
,
328

Mercury, AMT as
519

Mermagen, P. H. F.
37
,
52
,
362

Mersenne primes
134
,
397–8
,
406
,
406
n

Meyer, Rollo, Rev and Mrs
14–5

Michie, Donald:

and ‘Fish’
231
,
265–6
,
277–8
;

and machine intelligence
265–6
,
301
,
386–8

and silver bars
344–5
;

and trial
466–7

militarism
see
war

Military Intelligence
see
GC and CS;
also
secret service (for M16); security service (for MI5)

Mill, J. S.
73
,
77
,
308
,
425

Milner-Barry, P. S.
221

mind, problem of
see under
brain; determinism

Mind,
AMT’s 1950 paper ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ in,
415–26
,
459–60
,
522
;

also
290–1
,
359
,
409

Ministry of Supply:

and ACE
335
,
353
,
368
,
376
;

and Manchester computer
393
;

also
509

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
155
,
250
,
349
,
410

modular addition
162
,
228–9
,
247
,
274
,
276

molecular biology
252
,
410
,
431

Montagu, Lord, trials of
504–5
,
507
,
511

Montgomery, General (later Viscount)
234
,
240
,
245
,
534