A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History (27 page)

15
. David López Herráez et al., “Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs,”
PLoS One
4, no. 11 (Nov. 18, 2009): 1–16.

16
. Graham Coop et al., “The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation,”
PLoS Genetics
5, no. 6 (June 2009): 1–16.

17
. Matthew B. Gross and Cassandra Kniffen, “Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: DARC,”
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,
Dec. 10, 2012, http://omim.org/entry/613665.

18
. C. T. Miller et al., “cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans,”
Cell
131 (2007): 1179–89.

19
. Ryan D. Hernandez et al., “Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution,”
Science
331, no. 6019 (Feb. 18, 2011): 920–24.

20
. Jonathan K. Pritchard, “Adaptation—Not by Sweeps Alone,”
Nature Reviews Genetics
11, no. 10 (Oct. 2010): 665–67.

21
. Hua Tang et al., “Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies,”
American Journal of Human Genetics
76, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 268–75.

22
. Roman Kosoy et al., “Ancestry Informative Marker Sets for Determining Continental Origin and Admixture Proportions in Common Populations in America,”
Human Mutation
30, no. 1 (Jan. 2009): 69–78.

23
. Wenfei Jin et al., “A Genome-Wide Detection of Natural Selection in African Americans Pre- and Post-Admixture,”
Genome Research
22, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 2012): 519–27.

24
. Richard Lewontin, “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,”
Evolutionary Biology
6 (1972): 396–97, quoted in Ashley Montagu,
Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,
6th ed. (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 45–46.

25
. Quoted in Daniel L. Hartl and Andrew G. Clark,
Principles of Population Genetics
, 3d ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1997), 119.

26
. Quoted by Henry Harpending and Alan R. Rogers, “Genetic Perspectives in Human Origins and Differentiation,”
Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1 (2000): 361–85.

27
. A.W.F. Edwards, “Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin’s Fallacy,”
BioEssays
25, no. 8 (Aug. 2003): 798–801.

28
. Ed Hagen, “Biological Aspects of Race,” American Association of Physical Anthropologists position statement,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
101 (1996): 569–70, www.physanth.org/association/position-statements/biological-aspects-of-race.

29
. American Anthropological Association, “Statement on ‘Race,’” May 17, 1998, www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.

CHAPTER 6: SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS

1
. Norbert Elias,
The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–19.

2
. Douglass C. North,
Understanding the Process of Economic Change
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 99.

3
. Nicholas Wade,
The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures
(New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 124–43.

4
. Napoleon A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,”
Science
239, no. 4843 (Feb. 28, 1988): 985–92.

5
. Robert L. Carneiro, “A Theory of the Origin of the State,”
Science
169, no. 3947 (Aug. 21, 1970): 733–38.

6
. Francis Fukuyama,
The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), vol. 1, p. 48.

7
. Ibid., 99.

8
. “The Book of Lord Shang,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang.

9
. Fukuyama,
Origins of Political Order,
421.

10
. Ibid., 14.

11
. Daron Acemog˘lu and James A. Robinson,
Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
(New York: Crown, 2012), 398.

12
. Ibid., 364.

CHAPTER 7: THE RECASTING OF HUMAN NATURE

1
. Thomas Sowell,
Conquests and Cultures: An International History
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 329.

2
. Kenneth Pomeranz,
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 3.

3
. Gregory Clark,
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2007), 127.

4
. Ibid., 179.

5
. Ibid., 234.

6
. Nicholas Wade,
Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors
(New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 112.

7
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms,
259.

8
. Ibid., 245.

9
. Gregory Clark, “The Indicted and the Wealthy: Surnames, Reproductive Success, Genetic Selection and Social Class in Pre-Industrial England,” Jan. 19, 2009, www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/Farewell%20to%20Alms/Clark%20-Surnames.pdf.

10
. Ron Unz, “How Social Darwinism Made Modern China: A Thousand Years of Meritocracy Shaped the Middle Kingdom,”
The American Conservative,
Mar. 11, 2013, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/how-social-darwinism-made-modern-china-248.

11
. Toby E. Huff,
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West,
2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 282.

12
. Marta Mirazón Lahr,
The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 263.

13
. Marta Mirazón Lahr and Richard V. S. Wright, “The Question of Robusticity and the Relationship Between Cranial Size and Shape in
Homo sapiens,
”
Journal of Human Evolution
31, no. 2 (Aug. 1996): 157–91.

14
. Richard Wrangham, interview, Edge.org, Feb. 2, 2002.

15
. Norbert Elias,
The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994), 167.

16
. Steven Pinker,
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
(New York: Viking, 2011), 48–50.

17
. Ibid., 60–63.

18
. Ibid., 149.

19
. Ibid., 613.

20
. Ibid., 614.

21
. Jonathan Gibbons, ed.,
2011 Global Study on Homicide: Trends, Context, Data
(Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010).

22
. Philip Carl Salzman,
Culture and Conflict in the Middle East
(Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008), 184.

23
. Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries
(New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, 2009), 9.

24
. Ibid., 193.

25
. Martin Meredith,
The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 682.

26
. Richard Dowden,
Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 535.

27
. Shantayanan Devarajan and Wolfgang Fengler, “Africa’s Economic Boom: Why the Pessimists and the Optimists Are Both Right,”
Foreign Affairs
, May–June 2013, 68–81.

28
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms,
259–71.

29
. Pomeranz,
Great Divergence,
297.

30
. Daron Acemog˘lu and James A. Robinson,
Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
(New York: Crown, 2012), 73.

31
. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds.,
Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress
(New York: Basic Books, 2000), xiii.

32
. Jeffrey Sachs, “Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development,” in Harrison and Huntington,
Culture Matters,
29–43 (41–42 cited).

33
. Nathan Glazer, “Disaggregating Culture,” in Harrison and Huntington,
Culture Matters,
219–31 (220–21 cited).

34
. Daniel Etounga-Manguelle, “Does Africa Need a Cultural Adjustment Program?” in Harrison and Huntington,
Culture Matters,
65–77.

35
. Lawrence E. Harrison,
The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.

36
. Thomas Sowell,
Migrations and Cultures: A World View
(New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.

37
. Ibid., 192.

38
. Ibid., 219.

39
. Sowell,
Conquests and Cultures,
330.

40
. Sowell,
Migrations and Cultures,
226.

41
. Ibid., 57.

42
. Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,”
Psychological Science
20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.

43
. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen,
IQ and Global Inequality
(Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.

44
. Ibid., 2.

45
. Ibid., 277.

46
. Ibid., 281.

47
. Acemog˘lu and Robinson,
Why Nations Fail,
48.

48
. Ibid., 238.

49
. Ibid., 454.

50
. Ibid., 211.

51
. Ibid., 427.

CHAPTER 8: JEWISH ADAPTATIONS

1
. Gertrude Himmelfarb,
The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill
(New York: Encounter Books, 2011), 3.

2
. Charles Murray, “Jewish Genius,”
Commentary,
Apr. 2007, 29–35.

3
. Melvin Konner,
Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews
(New York: Viking Compass, 2003), 199.

4
. Harry Ostrer,
Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 92–93.

5
. Anna C. Need, Dalia Kasparaviciutè, Elizabeth T. Cirulli and David B. Goldstein, “A Genome-Wide Genetic Signature of Jewish Ancestry Perfectly Separates Individuals with and without Full Jewish Ancestry in a Large Random Sample of European Americans,”
Genome Biology
10, Issue 1, Article R7, 2009.

6
. Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending, “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,”
Journal of Biosocial Science
38, no. 5 (Sept. 2006): 659–93.

7
. Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein,
The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 109.

8
. Ibid., 193.

9
. Ibid., 267.

10
. Konner,
Unsettled,
189.

11
. Neil Risch et al., “Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,”
American Journal of Human Genetics
72, no. 4 (Apr. 2003): 812–22.

12
. See, for instance, Nicholas Wade,
The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures
(New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 157–72.

13
. Botticini and Eckstein,
Chosen Few,
150.

14
. Jerry Z. Muller,
Capitalism and the Jews
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 88.

CHAPTER 9: THE RISE OF THE WEST

1
. William H. McNeill,
A World History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 295.

2
. Victor Davis Hanson,
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
(New York: Random House, 2001), 5.

3
. Niall Ferguson,
Civilization: The West and the Rest
(London: Allen Lane, 2011), 18.

4
. Toby E. Huff,
Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 126.

5
. Ibid., 133.

6
. Quoted in ibid., 110.

7
. Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
(New York: Norton, 1997), 25.

8
. Ibid., 21

9
. IQ for Papua New Guinea is 83, compared with the European normalized score of 100. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen,
IQ and Global Inequality
(Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 146. If Diamond has in mind some more appropriate measure of intelligence, he does not cite it.

10
. Mark Elvin,
The Pattern of the Chinese Past
(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 297–98, quoted in David S. Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor
(New York: Norton, 1998), 55.

11
. Ferguson,
Civilization,
13.

12
. Ibid., 256–57.

13
. Eric Jones,
The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 61.

14
. Ibid., 106.

15
. Quoted in ibid., 153.

16
. Jones,
European Miracle,
61.

17
. Huff,
Intellectual Curiosity,
128.