A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History (28 page)

18
. Timur Kuran,
The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 281.

19
. Toby E. Huff,
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 47.

20
. Ibid., 321.

21
. Ibid., 10.

22
. David S. Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor
(New York: Norton, 1998), 56.

23
. Lecture in 1755, quoted in Dugald Stewart, “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL.D.,”
Transactions of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh,
Jan. 21 and Mar. 18, 1793, section 4, repr. in
Collected Works of Dugald Stewart,
ed. William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854), vol. 10, 1–98.

24
. Landes,
Wealth and Poverty,
516.

CHAPTER 10: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON RACE

1
. This image is derived from an idea of Richard Dawkins that relates human and chimp ancestry.

2
. Niall Ferguson,
Civilization: The West and the Rest
(London: Allen Lane, 2011), 322.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

Abbasid empire,
212
–13

ABCC11 gene,
90
–91,
121

absolutist regimes,
195
,
237

Acemoglu, Daron,
148
–49,
175
,
180
,
193
–96

Aché,
156

adaptation,
58
,
64

Afghanistan,
148
,
241

Africa,
85
,
100
–102,
137
,
147
,
172
,
184
,
197
,
225

Bantu expansion in,
84
–85,
100
,
101

foreign aid to,
13
,
148
,
175
,
181
,
183

GNP in,
176

government and ruling elites in,
175
–76

human dispersal from,
1
–2,
76
,
80
,
84
,
85
,
93
,
225

kingdoms in,
134
–35

lactose tolerance and,
61

populations in,
181
,
226
,
248

transition to modern economy in,
180
–82

tribalism in,
173
,
175
,
177
,
181

violence in,
176

African Americans,
4
,
94

IQ tests and,
189
–91

MAO-A promoters in,
56
–57

physical characteristics in,
88

Africans,
2
,
4
,
18
,
20
,
93
,
94
,
98
,
109

IQ tests and,
191

physical characteristics in,
87
–91

skulls of,
70

society of,
123
–24

aggression,
53
–57,
62
,
82
,
130
,
131
,
132
,
170
–71,
241
,
243
,
244

genes and,
54
–57,
110
,
170
–71

agriculture,
11
,
50
,
62
,
63
,
80
,
81
–82,
84
–85,
100
,
110
,
129
,
132
,
139
,
149
,
152
,
153
,
163
,
195
,
197
,
221
,
226

AIMs (ancestry informative markers),
70
,
115
–16

Akey, Joshua M.,
108

alleles,
71
–75,
76
,
87
–92,
95
–96,
98
,
102
,
103
–4,
107
,
114
,
172

diseases and,
114
–15,
206

Duffy null,
110
,
114
,
115

hard and soft sweeps of,
110
–14

intelligence and,
190

Allen, Robert,
31

American Anthropological Association,
5
,
119
,
121

American Association of Physical Anthropologists,
121

American Indians,
see
Native Americans

American Sociological Association,
5

Americas,
85
,
225
,
226
,
233

Anatolia,
84

Andean highlands,
8
,
226

anthropologists, physical,
69
–70,
82

ants,
65
–66

apes,
see
monkeys and apes

apocrine glands,
89
,
91

Arab world,
174
–75,
182

science in,
228
–32

see also
Islamic world

Arctic regions,
134
,
214

Aristotle,
231

Arkwright, Richard,
158

Aryans (Indo-Europeans),
19
–20

Ashkenazim,
199
–209,
214

Asian Americans, IQ tests and,
189
–90

astronomy,
215
–19,
228

athleticism,
8

Australia,
93
,
94
,
222
,
225
–26

autocracies,
9
,
237

Aztecs,
226

Bacon, Francis,
228

Baibars,
143

Bantu expansion,
84
–85,
100
,
101

behavior:

individual, institutions’ effect on,
147
–49

social,
see
social behaviors

Belyaev, Dmitriy,
54
,
160
–61

Beringia,
81
,
134

Binet, Alfred,
30

Black, Edwin,
29
,
35

Black Death,
153

Bloom syndrome,
208

Blumenbach, Johann,
18
–19,
86

Boas, Franz,
5
–6,
31
–32,
69
,
241

bone,
see
skeleton

Botticini, Maristella,
151
,
209
–10,
211
,
212

Bowcock, Anne,
97

brain,
4
,
51
,
106
,
108
,
109
,
208

oxytocin in,
51
–53,
243

size of,
21
,
50

Brazil,
186

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes,
208

breast cancer,
208

breasts,
89
,
90

Buck, Carrie,
29

Buck
v
. Bell,
29
–30,
31

bureaucracy,
140
,
173

Burusho,
98

bushmen,
17

Byzantine empire,
174
–75,
182
,
234

Cambodia,
187

Carnegie Institution,
28
–29,
34
,
38

Carneiro, Robert,
133

Castle, William E.,
29

Caucasians,
4
,
86
,
93
,
94
,
96
,
246

invention of word,
18
–19

MAO-A promoters in,
56
–57

physical characteristics in,
87

skulls of,
70

split between East Asians and,
86

transition to modern economy by,
178

Caucasus,
18
,
86

Cavalli-Sforza, Luca,
97

Chagnon, Napoleon,
131

Chapais, Bernard,
39
–66,
44
,
45

Charlemagne,
234
,
246

Charles I, King,
146

chemokines,
110

chiefdoms,
133
,
134

childbirth:

age at first reproduction,
3

risk of death in,
162

chimpanzees,
41
–47,
110
,
242

cooperation in,
47
–48

kinship and,
43
–44

China,
12
,
17
,
85
,
90
,
132
,
134
,
135
,
137
,
172
,
189
,
193
,
195
,
219
,
220
,
224
,
227
–28,
233
–38,
244
,
246
–48,
250

education system in,
231

evolutionary changes in,
165
–66

inheritance practices in,
165

one child policy in,
180

population increase in,
165

rule of law and,
144
–45

science in,
228
–32

state achieved in,
137
–42,
144

technology in,
234

telescope introduced to,
215
–16,
217
–19

transition to modern economy in,
178
–79,
180

Chinese,
4
,
89
,
91
,
92
,
147

Han,
84
,
88
,
90

immigrants,
186
–87,
188
,
201
,
213
,
237

intelligence tests and,
166

society of,
123
–24

Christianity,
211
,
212
,
217
,
232

Protestantism,
126

chromosomes,
106
,
107
,
116

Y,
74
–75,
78
,
163

Churchill, Winston,
33

civilizations, formation of,
132
–35

Clark, Gregory,
151
–55,
158
–64,
171
–73,
178
–79,
184
–85,
236

click-speakers,
17
,
100
–101,
102

climate,
223
,
246

change in,
80
,
83
,
248

clines,
98
–99

clothing,
108
–9

Cochran, Gregory,
202
–5,
207
–9,
214

Collins, Francis,
68

Columbus, Christopher,
233

competition,
224

conformity,
59
,
241
,
245

see also
social norms

Congo,
176

continental drift,
6

cooperation:

among chimpanzees,
47
–48

in human societies,
47
–50,
51
,
62
,
124
,
132
,
243

Copernicus, Nicolaus,
216
,
217

Coyne, Jerry,
68

crime,
50

see also
violence

Crusades,
204

culture(s),
5
–6,
9
,
241
–42,
245

economics and,
13
,
155
,
183
–85

equality of,
6
,
9

genes and,
58
,
59
–61

race and,
184
,
185

in social institutions,
124
–27

DARC gene,
110
–11

Darwin, Charles,
11
,
22
–23,
24
,
26
,
39
,
67
,
95
,
164
,
245

The Descent of Man,
22

Malthus and,
155

On the Origin of Species,
16
,
22

Social Darwinism and,
24
–25

Davenport, Charles,
28
,
29
,
30
,
33
–34,
35
,
38

De Dreu, Carsten,
51
–52

delayed gratification and patience,
157
–58,
160
,
184
–85

Deng Xiaoping,
179

Denmark,
13

Descent of Man, The
(Darwin),
22

Devarajan, Shantayanan,
176

Diamond, Jared,
68
,
117
–18,
221
–23

diet,
60
,
108

lactase and,
60
–61,
113

disciplined behaviors,
158
,
183

diseases,
108
,
110
–11,
116
,
223

alleles and,
114
–15,
206

malaria,
110
–11,
116
,
117
–18,
206

Mendelian,
202
,
205
–8,
209

sickle-cell anemia,
111
,
116
,
206

thalassemia,
111
,
118

DNA,
14
,
56
,
70
,
72
–74,
96
,
109
,
113

AIMs (ancestry informative markers) and,
70
,
115
–16

bases of,
72
–73,
79
,
88

coding,
73

complementary,
79

fingerprinting of,
104
–7,
116

mitochondrial,
74
,
79

repair systems of,
208

repeats in,
96
,
97
,
99
,
100
,
102
,
116

dogs,
167

domestication:

in animals,
160
–61,
167
–68

in humans,
160
–61,
167
–73

dopamine,
55

Dowden, Patrick,
176

Duffy null allele,
110
,
114
,
115

earwax,
90
–91,
92
,
121