A History of the Wife (63 page)

Nineteenth-Century California,” in
Revealing Lives: Autobiography, Biography, and Gender,

ed. Susan Groag Bell and Marilyn Yalom (Albany: SUNY Press, 1990), p. 123.

30. Luchetti, “
I Do!,
” pp. 284–285.

1. Mary Bywater Cross,
   Treasures in the Trunk: Quilts of the Oregon Trail
   (Nashville Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press, 1993), pp. 123–124.
   

2. Stanley Snow Ivins, “Notes on Mormon Polygamy,”
   Western Humanities Review
   10 (1956), pp. 229–239, and James E. Smith and Philip R. Kunz, “Polygyny and Fertil- ity in Nineteenth-Century America,”
   Population Studies
   30 (1976), pp. 465–480.
   

3. Jeffrey,
   Frontier Women,
   pp. 166 and 172. 34. Ibid., p. 165.
   

1. Mary Ann Hafen, “Memories of a handcart Pioneer, with some account of frontier life in Utah and Nevada,” in
   Let Them Speak,
   ed. Fischer, pp. 101–108.
   

2. Annie Clark Tanner,
   A Mormon Mother: An Autobiography
   (Salt Lake City: Uni- versity of Utah Press, 1969), p. 116.
   

3. Lawrence Foster, “Polygamy and the Frontier: Mormon Women in Early Utah,”
   History of Women in the United States,
   ed. Nancy Cott (Munich, London, New York, and Paris: K. G. Saur, 1992), vol. 2, p. 269.
   

4. Jeffrey,
   Frontier Women,
   p. 170.
   

5. Foster, “Polygamy,” in
   History of Women,
   ed. Cott, pp. 279–80.
   

6. Hanna Crosby,
   Sketch of the Life of Hannah A. Crosby,
   from the Historical Records Survey and the Federal Writers project of the Utah Works Administration, 1935–39, as cited by Luchetti, “
   I Do!,
   ” pp. 187–188.
   

7. John Faragher,
   Women and Men on the Overland Trail
   (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1979), chapter 3.
   

8. Helen M. Carpenter, “A Trip Across the Plains in an Ox Wagon, 1857” (manu- script diary, Huntington Library), pp. 27–28, as cited by Faragher and Stansell, “Women and Their Families on the Overland Trail,” in
   A Heritage of Her Own,
   ed. Cott and Pleck, p. 254.
   

9. Faragher and Stansell, “Women and Their Families on the Overland Trail,” in
   A Heritage of Her Own
   , ed. Cott and Pleck, p. 255.
   

10. Bethenia Owens-Adair,
    Dr. Owens-Adair: Some of Her Life Experiences
    (Portland, Oregon: Mann & Beach, 1906), pp. 24–27.
    

11. Cited by Stratton,
    Pioneer Women,
    p. 58.
    

12. Hendrik Hartog,
    Man and Wife in America: A History
    (Cambridge, Massachu- setts: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 87.
    

13. Owens-Adair,
    Dr. Owens-Adair
    , pp. 52, 53.
    

SEVEN

1. This and the following citation from Henrick Ibsen,
   A Doll’s House and Other Plays
   (Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1967), trans. Peter Watts, pp. 228 and 334, note 11.
   

2. Margareta R. Matovic,
   Stockholmsakenskap: Familjebildning och partnerval i Stock- holm 1850–1890
   (Stockholm: LiberFörlags, 1984), English summary pp. 364–377.) Matovic estimates that 42 percent of couples announcing the banns of matrimony between 1860 and 1890 were cohabiting, and around 11 percent legalized their pre- marital children when they married (p. 375).
   

3. Leo XIII,
   Rerum Novarum,
   15 May 1891, excerpted in
   Women, the Family, and
   

   Freedom,
   ed. Susan Groag Bell and Karen Offen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983), vol 2, p. 95.
   

4. The term was first used by Sarah Grand in “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” in
   North America Review
   , vol. 158 (1894), p. xxx, reproduced in
   The Late Vic- torian Marriage Question,
   ed. Ann Heilmann (London: Routledge, 1998), vol. 2, pp. 271–276. I am indebted to Heilmann for having made this and so much other material on the Woman Question easily available in the five-volume Rout- ledge/Thoemmes Press collection.
   

5. Dedication page to
   Is Marriage a Failure?,
   ed. Harry A. Quilter (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co, 1888). Facsimile copy (New York: Garland, 1984).
   

6. Susan Turk Charles and Laura L. Carstensen, “Marriage in Old Age,” in
   Inside the American Couple,
   ed. Marilyn Yalom and Laura L. Carstensen (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).
   

7. John Lucas,
   The Literature of Change: Studies in the 19th Century Provincial Novel
   

   (Hassocks, England: Harvester Press, 1977).
   

8. George Gissing,
   The Odd Women
   [1893], (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 87.
   

9. Ibid., p. 180.

1. Eliza Lynn Linton, “The Wild Women as Politicians,”
   Nineteenth Century,
   vol. 30 (1891), pp. 79–88. Linton’s three “Wild Women” articles are reproduced in Heilmann,
   The Late Victorian Marriage Question,
   at the end of vol. 1.
   

2. Abba Goold Woolson, ed.,
   Dress Reform
   (New York: Arno Press, 1974 [1874]), p. 134.
   

3. Lillian Faderman,
   Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present
   (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1981), p. 190. See also Faderman,
   To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America—A History
   (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999).
   

4. The following is based on Virginia Jeans Laas,
   Love and Power in the Nineteenth Century: The Marriage of Violet Blair
   (Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 1998).
   

5. See Sondra R. Herman, “Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market: The Ideal and Its Critics, 1871–1911,” in
   History of Women in the United States,
   ed. Nancy Cott (Munich, London, New York, Paris: K. G. Saur: 1992), vol. 2, pp. 298–315.
   

6. Carl Degler, “Introduction,” to Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
   Women and Economics
   

   (New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Harper & Row, 1966), p. xxv.
   

7. Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
   The Home: Its Work and Influence
   (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972 [1902]), p. 277.
   

8. Gilman,
   Women and Economics
   , pp. 13–15. 18. Ibid., p. 157.
   

19. Ibid., p. 242.

1. Gilman, “All the World to Her,”
   Independent,
   July 9, 1903, p. 1616.
   

2. See discussion of relation of mental breakdown to maternity in Marilyn Yalom,
   Maternity, Mortality, and the Literature of Madness
   (University Park and London: Penn- sylvania State University Press, 1985).
   

3. Carl Degler,
   At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present
   (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 409–410.
   

EIGHT

1. William Acton,
   The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Child- hood, Youth, Adult Age, and Advanced Life Considered in Their Physiological, Social, and Moral Relations
   (3rd Am. ed.; Philadelphia, 1871), p. 164, as cited in
   Victorian Women,
   ed. Hellerstein et al., p. 178. See also John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller,
   The Physi- cian and Sexuality in Victorian America
   (Urbana, Chicago, London: University of Illinois Press, 1974), pp. 97–102; and Carl Degler,
   At Odds
   (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 253–259.
   

2. Elizabeth Edson Evans,
   The Abuse of Maternity
   (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875), pp. 118–119.
   

3. Compare George H. Napheys,
   The Transmission of Life. Counsels on the Nature and Hygiene
   (Philadelphia, 1871), with
   The Physical Life of Woman: Advice to the Maiden, Wife and Mother
   (Toronto: Rose Publishing Co., 1880, 3rd Canadian ed.), p. 76.
   

4. Edward B. Foote,
   Plain Home Talk
   (New York: Murray Hill Publishing Co., 1891), p. 631.
   

5. Quoted in Haller and Haller,
   The Physician,
   pp. 132–133.
   

6. The Mosher Survey,
   ed. James Mahood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980). For summary, see Julia A. Ericksen,
   Kiss and Tell: Surveying Sex in the Twentieth Century
   (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 28–30.
   

7. Carl Degler, “Introduction,”
   The Mosher Survey
   , ed. Mahood and Wenburg,
   

   p. xiii.
   

8. Janet Farrell Brodie,
   Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America
   

   (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 185.
   

9. Norman Himes,
   Medical History of Contraception
   (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1936), pp. 276–278.
   

10. Brodie,
    Contraception
    , pp. 216–219.
    

11. John D’Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
    Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
    (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1997), citing Foote to Gilder, Dec. 21, 1876, Mary Hallock Foote Papers, Special Collections, Green Library, Stanford University.
    

12. D’Emilio and Freedman, citing Elizabeth Hampsten,
    Read This Only to Yourself: The Private Writings of Mid-Western Women, 1880–1910
    (Bloomington: Indiana Univer- sity Press, 1982), p. 104.
    

13. This is the opinion of Peter Gay,
    The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud
    (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 258, as well as Brodie, D’Emilio and Freedman, and other historians of nineteenth-century sexuality.
    

14. Napheys,
    Physical Life,
    p. 91, and W. R. D. Blackwood, “The Prevention of Con- ception,”
    Medical and Surgical Reporter
    59 (1888), p. 396, as cited by Haller and Haller,
    The Physician,
    p. 123.
    

15. Eliza B. Duffey,
    What Women Should Know: A Woman’s Book About Women
    (Philadelphia: J. M. Stoddart & Co., 1873), pp. 131–133. Reprinted by Arno Press, 1974.
    

16. Leslie J. Reagan,
    When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973
    (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 8.
    

17. James C. Mohr,
    Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900
    (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 6 and following.
    

18. Brodie,
    Contraception,
    p. 255.
    

19. Mohr,
    Abortion,
    p. 86.
    

20. Lawrence J. Friedman,
    Crime and Punishment in American History
    (New York: Basic Books, 1993), pp. 229–230.
    

21. Cited by Mohr,
    Abortion,
    p. 88.
    

22. Brodie,
    Contraception,
    p. 268.
    

23. Reagan,
    When Abortion,
    pp. 46–61.
    

24. Ibid., chapter 1, “An Open Secret.”
    

25. Ibid., p. 20.

1. The discussion of Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement is based pri- marily on Ellen Chesler,
   Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
   (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).
   

2. D’Emilio and Freedman,
   Intimate Matters,
   p. 172.
   

3. Kate Chopin,
   The Awakening
   (New York: Avon Books, 1972), p. 16.
   

4. See Bram Dijkstra,
   Evil Sisters
   (New York: Knopf, 1996).
   

5. Katherine B. Davis,
   Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-two Hundred Women
   (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929).
   

6. Dr. G. V. Hamilton,
   A Research in Marriage
   (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1929).
   

7. Millard S. Everett, Ph.D.,
   The Hygiene of Marriage: A Detailed Consideration of Sex and Marriage
   (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1932).
   

8. William Chafe,
   The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century
   

   (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 115–116.
   

9. D’Emilio and Freedman,
   Intimate Matters,
   p. 246.
   

10. Dr. Fred J. Taussig, “Abortion in Relation to Fetal and Maternal Welfare,”
    The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
    November and December 1931.
    

11. This paragraph and the following are based on Leslie J. Reagan,
    When Abortion Was a Crime,
    pp. 135–136.
    

12. For a discussion of early spokesmen for abortion, see Reagan,
    When Abortion,
    

pp. 139–140.

38. Ibid., p. 151.

39. Ibid., p. 159.

NINE

1. Evelyn W. Guthrie, “Home Is Where You Hang Your Hat,” unpublished manu- script in the Hoover Archives, Stanford University.
   

2. These and the following statistics are from William Chafe,
   The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century
   (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 130–131.
   

3. Finnegan Alford-Cooper,
   For Keeps: Marriages That Last a Lifetime
   (Armonk, New York, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 4.
   

4. Leila J. Rupp,
   Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945
   (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 141–142.
   

5. Rupp,
   Mobilizing Women,
   p. 138.
   

6. Chafe,
   The Paradox,
   p. 131.
   

7. Karen Anderson,
   Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II
   (Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1981), p. 5.
   

8. International Labour Office,
   The War and Women’s Employment: the Experience of the United Kingdom and the United States
   (Montreal: ILO, 1946), p. 234.
   

9. William M. Tuttle, Jr., “
   Daddy’s Gone to War”: The Second World War in the Lives of America’s Children
   (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), chapter 5.
   

10. Tuttle, “
    Daddy’s Gone to War,
    ” p. 84, and Chafe,
    The Paradox,
    pp. 144–145.
    

11. International Labour Office,
    The War,
    p. 279.
    

12. Since You Went Away: World War II Letters from American Women on the Home Front,
    ed. Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith (New York and Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1991), p. 105.
    

13. Tuttle, “
    Daddy’s Gone to War,
    ” pp. 70–71. 14. Ibid., pp. 60–63.