A History of the Wife (61 page)

56. Ibid.
,
p. 181.

57. Ibid.
,
pp. 182–183.

1. Woloch,
   Women and the American Experience,
   pp. 41–42.
   

2. White,
   Anne Bradstreet,
   pp. 172–173.
   

3. The Complete Works of Anne Bradstreet,
   pp. 7–8.
   

4. Koehler,
   A Search,
   p. 41.
   

5. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich,
   Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England 1650–1750
   (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. 218, citing
   Winthrop Papers,
   Part 3N, MHS Collections, 5th Ser., I, 104–105.
   

6. See White,
   Anne Bradstreet,
   pp. 226–250, for this period in Bradstreet’s life. 64. Ibid., p. 255.
   

1. Thomas Parker,
   The Coppy of a Letter Written . . . to His Sister
   (London, 1650),
   

   p. 13. Cited by Edmund S. Morgan,
   The Puritan Family
   (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. 44.
   

2. Koehler,
   A Search,
   p. 54.
   

3. Morgan,
   The Puritan Family,
   p. 87.
   

4. The Complete Works of Anne Bradstreet,
   p. 167.
   

5. Ulrich,
   Good Wives,
   pp. 111–112.
   

6. Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritans and Sex,”
   The New England Quarterly
   15 (1942), p. 602; Julia Cherry Spruill,
   Women’s Life and Work in the Southern Colonies
   (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1938), pp. 314–320; Edmund Morgan,
   The Puritan Family,
   p. 41.
   

7. John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman,
   Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
   (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 28.
   

8. Elizabeth Anticaglia,
   Twelve American Women
   (Chicago: Nelson Hall Co., 1975), pp. 8–9.
   

9. Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay,
   ed. Charles F. Adams, p. 329 (Boston, 1894), cited by Morgan,
   The Puritan Family,
   p. 19.
   

10. Melville Cobbledick, “The Status of Women in Puritan New England, 1630–1660: A Demographic Study,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1936. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor Michigan, p. 67.
    

75. Ibid.
,
p. 78.

1. Woloch,
   Women and the American Experience,
   p. 30.
   

2. White,
   Anne Bradstreet,
   p. 132.
   

3. Morgan, “The Puritans and Sex,” p. 600.
   

4. Spruill,
   Women’s Life and Work,
   pp. 321–322.
   

5. Ulrich,
   Good Wives,
   pp. 19–20.
   

81. Ibid., p. 23.

1. Woloch,
   Women and the American Experience,
   p. 22.
   

2. Koehler,
   A Search,
   p. 124.
   

3. Woloch,
   Women and the American Experience,
   p. 18.
   

4. Ibid.
   ,
   p. 19, and H. R. McIlwaine, “The Maids Who Came to Virginia in 1620 and 1621 for Husbands,”
   The Reviewer
   1 (April 1, 1921), pp. 109–110.
   

5. Spruill,
   Women’s Life and Work,
   pp. 8–9, and Carol Birkin,
   First Generations: Women in Colonial America
   (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), p. 6.
   

6. George Alsop, “Character of the Province of Maryland,” in
   Narratives of Early Maryland,
   ed. Clayton C. Hall (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons: 1910), p. 358.
   

7. Spruill,
   Women’s Life and Work,
   p. 15.
   

8. This and the following case from Roger Thompson,
   Women in Stuart England and America: A Comparative Study
   (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), pp. 36–37.
   

9. Anne Firor Scott and Suzanne Lebsock,
   Virginia Women: The First Two Hundred Years
   (Williamsburg, Virginia: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988), p. 16.
   

10. Suzanne Lebsock,
    Virginia Women 1600–1945
    (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1987), p. 28.
    

11. Robert E. T. Roberts, “Black-White Intermarriage in the United States,” in
    Inside the Mixed Marriage: Accounts of Changing Attitudes, Patterns, and Perceptions of Cross-Cultural and Interracial Marriage,
    ed. Walton R. Johnson and D. Michael Warren (Lanham, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1994), p. 25.
    

12. Robert J. Sickels,
    Race, Marriage and the Law
    (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972), p. 64.
    

13. Lebsock,
    Virginia Women,
    p. 29.
    

14. Thompson,
    Women in Stuart England and America,
    p. 43.
    

15. D’Emilio and Freedman,
    Intimate Matters,
    p. 36.
    

16. Roberts, “Black-White Intermarriage,” in
    Inside the Mixed Marriage,
    ed. John- son and Warren, p. 28.
    

17. H. R. McIlwaine, “The Maids,” p. 111.
    

18. Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritans and Sex,” p. 592.
    

19. Morgan,
    The Puritan Family,
    p. 47.
    

20. Gillis,
    For Better,
    p. 14.
    

    FOUR
    

    1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
       Emile
       (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1943), Book V. While it has become fashionable to see Rousseau as the enemy of women, one must not forget his sympathetic portrayals of Julie in
       La Nouvelle Héloïse
       and of Madame Warens in his
       Confessions.
       Like many great thinkers and writers, Rousseau was a mass of con- tradictions.
       

    2. Dr. James Fordyce,
       The Character and Conduct of the Female Sex
       (London: T. Cadell, 1776), p. 40.
       

    3. Mary Beth Norton,
       Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800
       (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1980), pp. 117–124.
       

    4. John Ogden,
       The Female Guide; or, Thoughts on the Education of That Sex, accomo- dated to the State of Society, Manners, and Government in the United States
       (Concord, New Hampshire, 1793, pp. 39–41), cited by Linda K. Kerber,
       Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America
       (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980) p. 252.
       

    5. Norton,
       Liberty’s Daughters,
       p. 21.
       

    6. Julia Cherry Spruill,
       Women’s Life and Work in the Southern Colonies
       (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1938), p. 66.
       

       7. Ibid., p. 109.
       

       8. Ibid., p. 179.
       

       1. Maryland Journal,
          January 20, 1774, cited in Spruill,
          Women’s Life and Work,
          

          p. 180.
          

       2. South Carolina Gazette,
          July 12, 1770, cited in Spruill,
          Women’s Life and Work,
          

          p. 182.
          

       3. Edith B. Gelles,
          “First Thoughts”: Life and Letters of Abigail Adams
          (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998), p. 3. See also Gelles,
          Portia: The World of Abigail Adams
          (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
          

       4. The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family 1762–1784
          , ed.
          

L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender and Mary-Jo Kline (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 121.

13. Ibid., p. 121.

14. Ibid., p. 123.

15. Gelles,
First Thoughts,
p. 15. 16. Ibid., p. 171.

17. Ibid., p. 172.

1. Woloch,
   Women and the American Experience,
   p. 85.
   

2. Cited by Pattie Cowell,
   Women Poets in Pre-Revolutionary America, 1650–1775, An Anthology
   (Troy, New York: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1981), p. 55.
   

3. Norton,
   Liberty’s Daughters,
   p. 171.
   

4. Ibid., p. 177. This section relies heavily on Norton, pp. 170–194.
   

5. See Alfred F. Young, “The Women of Boston: ‘Persons of Consequence’ in the Making of the American Revolution, 1765–76,”
   Women and Politics in the Age of the Democratic Revolution,
   ed. Harriet B. Applewhite and Darline G. Levy (Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 1990), especially pp. 193–207.
   

23. Ibid., p. 196.

1. Carol Berkin,
   First Generations: Women in Colonial America
   (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), p. 167.
   

2. Norton,
   Liberty’s Daughters,
   p. 176.
   

3. Sklavin oder Bürgerin? Französische Revolution und Neue Weiblichkeit 1760–1830,
   ed. Viktoria Schmidt-Linsenhoff (Frankfort: Historisches Museum Frankfurt, Jonas Verlag, 1989), p. 125.
   

4. Karen Offen,
   European Feminisms, 1700–1950
   (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), pp. 27–68. See also
   Women, the Family, and Freedom: The Debate in Docu- ments,
   ed. Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, vol. 1, 1750–1880 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983), pp. 97–109.
   

5. Karen Offen, “Was Mary Wollstonecraft a Feminist? A Contextual Re-reading of
   A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,
   1792–1992,” in
   Quilting a New Canon: Stitching Women’s Words,
   ed. Uma Parameswaran (Toronto: Sister Vision, Black Women and Women of Colour Press, 1996), p. 16.
   

6. Marilyn Yalom,
   Blood Sisters: the French Revolution in Women’s Memory
   (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 93. A fuller account of the life of Madame Roland can be found in pp. 75–96.
   

7. Mme Roland,
   Mémoires de Mme Roland,
   ed. Paul de Roux (Paris: Mercure de France, 1986), p. 63. All translations from this work are my own.
   

31. Ibid., p. 65.

32. Ibid., pp. 93, 155.

1. C. A. Dauban,
   Etude sur Madame Roland et son temps
   (Paris: Henri Plon, 1864),
   

   p. CL.
   

2. Elisabeth Le Bas, “Manuscrit de Mme Le Bas,” in
   Autour de Robespierre, Le Con- ventionnel Le Bas,
   ed. Stefant-Paul (pseudonym of Paul Coutant) (Paris: Flammarion, 1901), p. 127. This and the following quotations from Mme Le Bas are reproduced in Yalom,
   Blood Sisters,
   chapter 7.
   

3. Marie-Victoire de La Villirouët,
   Une femme avocat, épisodes de la Révolution à Lamballe et à Paris. Mémoires de la comtesse de La Villirouët, née de Lambilly,
   ed. Comte de Bellevue (Paris: J. Poisson, 1902), p. 33.
   

4. Madame de Ménerville,
   Souvenirs d’Émigration
   (Paris: P. Roger, 1934), p. 170.
   

5. Kerber,
   Women of the Republic,
   pp. 119–120.
   

6. Mary Wollstonecraft,
   A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
   (London: J. Johnson, 1792); ed. Miriam Kramnick (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1975), p. 270.
   

7. Linda Kerber first used the term “republican mother” in her landmark article “The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment—An American Perspective,”
   American Quarterly
   28 (Summer 1796), pp. 107–205.
   

8. Linda S. Popofsky and Marianne B. Sheldon, “French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: A Comparative Perspective,” in
   History of European Ideas,
   “Women in European Culture and Society” issue, 1987, p. 601.
   

9. Elke Harten and Hans-Christian Harten,
   Femmes, Culture, et Révolution
   (Paris: des femmes, 1989), pp. 561–562.
   

10. Edith Gelles, “Revisiting and Revising the Republican Mother,” unpublished paper.
    

11. The term “regression in the service of the ego,” to which I have added the word “male,” will be familiar to readers of twentieth-century psychiatric literature.
    

FIVE

1. Theo Gift citation from “Little Woman,”
   Cassells Magazine,
   1873, vol. 7 (new series), p. 240. Cited by Judith Rowbotham,
   Good Girls Make Good Wives
   (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1989), p. 11.
   

2. Eliza Holman citation from
   The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography,
   ed. George P. Rawick, (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1972), vol. 4, part 2, p. 150.
   

3. Eliza (Chaplin) Nelson Letters 1819–1869. Essex Institute Library. Salem, Mas- sachusetts. Cited by Mirra Bank,
   Anonymous Was a Woman
   (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979), p. 50.
   

4. See especially Edward Shorter,
   The Making of the Modern Family
   (New York: Basic Books, 1975), and Carl Degler,
   At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present
   (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981). How Victorian marriage continued throughout the century to be, on the one hand, both romantic and companionate and, on the other, an economic and social contract is the subject of Kate Washington’s essay “The Thing Bartered: Love, Economics, and the Victorian Couple,” in
   Inside the American Couple,
   ed. Marilyn Yalom and Laura Carstensen (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming.)
   

5. Penny Kane,
   Victorian Families in Fact and Fiction
   (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 98–99.
   

6. Katherine Moore,
   Victorian Wives
   (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974), pp. 57–58. Pamela Neville-Sington,
   Fanny Trollope: The Life and Adventures of a Clever Woman
   (London: Viking, 1997), pp. 32–33. John Gregory’s advice from the 1770s was still relevant: “A woman, in this country, may easily prevent the first impressions of love, and every motive of prudence and delicacy should make her guard her heart against them, till such time as she has received the most convincing proofs of the attachment of a man of such merit, as will justify a reciprocal regard.” John Gregory,
   A Father’s Legacy to His Daughters
   (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Printed by Dover & Harper, for M. Carey, Philadelphia, 1796 [London: 1774]).
   

7. This and the following two citations from Lotte and Joseph Hamburger,
   Trou- bled Lives: John and Sarah Austin
   (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 1985), pp. 12, 13, and 23.
   

8. Françoise Basch,
   Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel,
   

   trans. Anthony Rudolf, (New York: Schocken, 1974), p. 26.
   

9. Greg and Ruskin citations from Basch,
   Relative Creatures,
   pp. 5 and 6.
   

10. William Acton,
    The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Youth, in Adult Age, and in Advanced Life
    [London: John Churchill, 1857], as cited from 1897 Philadelphia edition in
    Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and the United States,
    ed. Erna Hellerstein, Leslie Hume, Karen Offen, Estelle Freedman, Barbara Gelpi, and Marilyn Yalom (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 178.
    

11. Auguste Debay,
    Hygiène et physiologie du mariage
    (Paris: E. Dentu, 1849), p. 138.
    

12. Charlotte Brontë, Letter to Ellen Nussey, 12 March 1839, cited by Patricia Beer,
    

    Reader, I Married Him
    (London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1974), p. 6.
    

13. Cited by Neville-Sington,
    Fanny Trollope,
    p. 45.
    

14. Not in God’s Image: Women in History from the Greeks to the Victorians,
    ed. Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines (New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Harper
    

    & Row Publishers, 1973), p. 318.
    

15. Victorian Women,
    ed. Hellerstein et al., p. 258. Much information in this chap- ter derives from the Victorian Women project at the Stanford Center for Research on Women, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and which I directed from 1977 to 1981.
    

16. The Hon. Mrs. Norton,
    A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Mar- riage and Divorce Bill
    (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1855), pp. 9–11.
    

17. Lee Holcombe, “Victorian Wives and Property: Reform of the Married Women’s Property Law, 1857–1882,” in
    A Widening Sphere: Changing Roles of Victorian Women,
    ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1977), p. 19.
    

18. Victorian Women,
    ed. Hellerstein et al., p. 260.
    

19. Lee Holcombe, “Victorian Wives and Property,” in
    A Widening Sphere,
    ed. Vici- nus, p. 15.
    

20. Women, the Family, and Freedom: The Debate in Documents,
    ed. Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983), vol. 1, 1750–1880, p. 253.
    

21. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton–Susan B. Anthony Reader: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches,
    ed. Ellen DuBois (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), pp. 55–56.
    

22. Hendrik Hartog,
    Man and Wife in America: A History
    (Cambridge, Massachu- setts: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 287–295.
    

23. Frances Trollope,
    Domestic Manners of the Americans
    (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1984 [1831]), p. 98.
    

24. J. S. Buckingham,
    The Slave States of America
    (London: Fisher, Son, & Co., 1842), vol. 1, p. 127.