A History of the Wife (62 page)

25. Ibid., p. 231.

1. Letter from Mrs. Vivia A. B. Henderson,
   Woman’s Journal,
   November 19, 1898,
   

   p. 375, cited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English,
   For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women
   (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978), p. 150.
   

2. Cited by Katherine Moore,
   Victorian Wives
   (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974),
   

   p. xxv.
   

3. Sara Grimké,
   Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
   (Boston: I. Knapp, 1838), p. 51.
   

4. George W. Burnap,
   The Sphere and Duties of Woman
   (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1848), pp. 145–46. See also Frances B. Cogan,
   All American Girl: The Ideal of Real Wom- anhood in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America
   (Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press), p. 79.
   

5. Victorian Women,
   ed. Hellerstein et al., pp. 15–17.
   

6. Burnap,
   The Sphere,
   pp. 45–46. For an understanding of the domestic ideology enveloping nineteenth-century American women, see Glenna Matthews,
   “Just a House- wife”: The Rise and Fall of Domesticity in America
   (New York and Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1987), especially chapters 1 and 2. Also Nancy M. Theriot,
   Mothers and Daughters in Nineteenth-Century America: The Biosocial Construction of Femininity
   (Lex- ington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996), and Ruth H. Bloch, “American Femi- nine Ideals in Transition: The Rise of the Model Mother, 1785–1815,”
   Feminist Studies,
   4 (1978): 101–125.
   

7. Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
   Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815–1897
   (New York: Schocken Books, 1971 [1898]). All citations are from this edition.
   

8. Ellen M. Plante,
   Women at Home in Victorian America: A Social History
   (New York: Facts on File, Inc.), 1997, p. 23.
   

9. Harvey Green,
   The Light of the Home: An Intimate View of the Lives of Women in Victorian America
   (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), p. 43.
   

10. Caroll Smith-Rosenberg,
    Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in America
    (New York: Knopf, 1985), pp. 53–76.
    

11. Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
    Solitude of Self, An Address delivered before the United States Congressional Committee on the Judiciary, Monday, January 18, 1892,
    National Amer- ican Woman Suffrage Association Series (Microfilm. New Haven, Conn., Research Publi- cations, 1977. History of women, Reel 935, no. 7967), pp. 3–20.
    

12. George Fitzhugh,
    Sociology for the South
    (Richmond: Morris, 1854), pp. 214, 217.
    

13. Citations from Marli F. Weiner,
    Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 1830–80
    (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), pp. 73, 66.
    

14. Virginia Cary,
    Letters on Female Character, Addressed to a Young Lady, on the Death of Her Mother
    (Richmond: 1828), p. 149. Cited by Suzanne Lebsock,
    Virginia Women 1600–1945
    (Richmond : Virginia State Library, 1987), p. 63.
    

15. Quotations from Eleanor Miot Boatwright,
    Status of Women in Georgia, 1783–1860
    (Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1994), pp. 24 and 53.
    

16. Boatwright,
    Status,
    p. 27, citing the Seventh and Eighth U.S. Census (1850 and 1860).
    

17. Boatwright,
    Status,
    p. 33.
    

18. Citations from
    Tokens of Affection: The Letters of a Planter’s Daughter in the Old South
    , ed. Carol Bleser (Athens, Georgia, and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1996), pp. 110–111, 120, 131.
    

19. Boatwright,
    Status,
    p. 88.
    

20. Ibid., p. 36, citing Augusta
    Georgia Constitutionalist,
    February 25, 1841, citing
    

    Batesville [Arkansas] News
    .
    

21. Sarah Anderson diary, May 6, 1827, cited by Jan Lewis,
    The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson’s Virginia
    (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 198.
    

22. Anne Firor Scott,
    The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics 1830–1930
    

    (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 27–28.
    

23. Weiner,
    Mistress, and Slaves
    ; Eugene D. Genovese, “Life in the Big House,” in
    A Heritage of Her Own
    , ed. Nancy Cott and Elizabeth Pleck (New York: Simon and Schus- ter, 1979), pp. 290–297; and Genovese,
    Roll, Jordan, Role: The World the Slaves Made
    (New York: Vintage Books, 1974).
    

24. Weiner,
    Mistresses and Slaves,
    p. 32.
    

25. Harriet Jacobs (Linda Brent, pseud.),
    Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
    (Boston: Published for the Author, 1861), p. 20.
    

26. Weiner,
    Mistresses and Slaves,
    pp. 35–36.
    

27. The American Slave,
    ed. George P. Rawick (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Pub- lishing Co., 1972), vol. 5, part 3, p. 83.
    

28. The American Slave,
    ed. Rawick, vol. 5, part 3, p. 77.
    

29. Scott,
    The Southern Lady,
    pp. 38–39.
    

30. Janet Farrell Brodie,
    Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America
    

    (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 2.
    

31. Weiner,
    Mistresses and Slaves,
    p. 22.
    

32. The American Slave,
    ed. Rawick, vol. 4, part 2, p. 163.
    

58. Ibid., p. 42.

59. Ibid., vol. 5, part 3, p. 191. 60. Ibid., part 4, pp. 176–178.

61. Weiner,
Mistresses and Slaves,
p. 85.

62. Ibid., p. 81.

1. The American Slave,
   ed. Rawick, vol. 4, part 2, pp. 104–105.
   

2. Eugene D. Genovese,
   Roll, Jordan, Roll,
   pp. 477–478.
   

3. Degler,
   At Odds,
   p. 114.
   

4. The American Slave,
   ed. Rawick, vol. 4, part 1, p. 63.
   

67. Ibid., p. 79.

68. Ibid., vol. 4, part 2, p. 288. 69. Ibid., p. 136.

1. Ibid., vol. 5, part 3, p. 244.
   

2. Ibid., vol. 4, part 1, p. 207.
   

3. Ibid., vol. 4, part 2, p. 17 and p. 194.
   

4. Ibid., vol. 5, part 3, p. 258.
   

5. Herbert G. Gutman,
   The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925
   (New York: Vintage Books), p. 51.
   

6. Herbert G. Gutman, “Marital and Sexual Norms among Slave Women,” in
   A Heritage of Her Own,
   ed. Cott and Pleck, p. 301.
   

7. Genovese,
   Roll, Jordan, Roll,
   p. 467.
   

8. In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830–1900,
   ed. Carol Bleser (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 108.
   

9. The American Slave
   , ed. Rawick, vol. 4, part 1, p. 77. 79. Ibid., p. 107.
   

80. Ibid., p. 86.

81. Ibid., vol. 5, part 3, pp. 191–192.

1. Ibid., vol. 4, part 1, p. 224.
   

2. Ibid., vol. 4, part 2, p. 205.
   

3. Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves,
   ed. Charles L. Perdue, Jr., Thomas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips (Bloomington, Ind.: University of Indiana Press, 1980), pp. 48–49. Cited by Lebsock,
   Virginia Women,
   p. 75.
   

4. Weiner,
   Mistresses and Slaves,
   p. 75.
   

5. Harriet Jacobs,
   Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,
   p. 53.
   

6. The American Slave,
   ed. Rawick, vol. 5, part 4, p. 167.
   

7. Ibid., vol. 4, part 2, p. 164.
   

8. Frances Anne Kemble,
   Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839
   (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961), pp. 132–133, 136, 137, 140.
   

9. Citations found in Boatwright,
   Status,
   p. 55.
   

10. Scott,
    The Southern Lady,
    chapter 3, pp. 46–79. See also Lebsock,
    Virginia Women,
    pp. 76–77.
    

11. Buckingham,
    Slave States,
    vol. 1, pp. 140–141.
    

12. Citations from Scott,
    The Southern Lady,
    p. 40.
    

13. The American Slave,
    ed. Rawick, vol. 4, part 1, p. 69.
    

14. Ibid., vol. 5, part 4, p. 222.
    

SIX

1. Julie Roy Jeffrey,
   Frontier Women: The Trans-Missippi West, 1840–1880
   (New
   

   York: Hill and Wang, 1979), and Glenda Riley,
   The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains
   (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, 1988), are two studies that have added considerably to our knowledge of trans-Mississippi women between 1840 and 1890. Jeffrey moves from the agricultural frontier located in the Far West between the 1840s and the 1880s, then to the mining frontier that opened with the California Gold Rush in 1849, and then to the urban frontier. Riley focusses on the prairie states of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Minnesota, and Indiana, and the plains states of Kansas, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and parts of Colorado, Texas, Wyoming, and Montana. Joanna L. Stratton,
   Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier
   (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), focuses exclusively on Kansas. Stratton had the unbelievable good fortune of finding in her grandmother’s attic the personal memoirs of 800 Kansas women—a treasure trove initiated by her great-grandmother, who had come to Kansas in 1884. Other useful sources are Lillian Schlissel,
   Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey
   (New York: Schocken, 1982) and Kenneth L. Holmes, ed.
   Covered Wagon Women
   :
   Diaries from the Western Trails
   , 1840–90, 11 volumes (Glen- dale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1983–93).
   

2. Charles Marc Bost,
   Les derniers puritains: pionniers d’Amérique, 1851–1920
   

   (Paris: Hachette, 1977).
   

3. Cited by Riley,
   The Female Frontier,
   p. 48.
   

   4. Ibid., p. 31.
   

   5. Ibid., p. 46.
   

   1. Cited by Stratton,
      Pioneer Women
      , p. 55.
      

   2. Mary Jane Hayden,
      Pioneer Days
      (San Jose, California: Murgotten’s 1915), as cited by Cathy Luchetti, “
      I Do!” Courtship, Love and Marriage on the American Frontier
      (New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1996), pp. 215–216.
      

   3. Cited by Stratton,
      Pioneer Women,
      p. 44.
      

   4. Cited by Susan Butruille,
      Women’s Voices from the Oregon Trail
      (Boise, Idaho: Tamarack Books, 1993), p. 49.
      

   5. Riley,
      The Female Frontier,
      p. 49. Cf. Jeffrey,
      Frontier Women,
      p. 57.
      

   6. Bost,
      Les derniers puritains,
      p. 181. My translation.
      

   7. Mollie: The Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford in Nebraska and Colorado Territories, 1857–1866
      (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1959), pp. 145–146.
      

   8. Fred Lockley,
      Conversations with Pioneer Women
      (Eugene, Oregon: Rainy Day Press, 1993), pp. 98–99.
      

14. Luchetti, “
I Do!,
” pp. 170–172.

1. Susan Armitage, “Women’s Literature and the American Frontier: A New Per- spective on the Frontier Myth,”
   Women, Women Writers, and the West
   , ed. L. L. Lee and Merrill Lewis (Troy, New York: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1980), pp. 5–13.
   

2. Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins,
   Life among the Piutes; their wrongs and claims
   , ed. Mrs. Horace Mann (Boston: For Sale by Cupples Upham and Co., G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, and by the author, 1883). A short biography of Sarah Winnemucca is found in Elinor Rickey,
   Eminent Women of the West
   (Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1975), pp. 125–151.
   

3. This and the following paragraphs based on Luchetti, “
   I Do!,
   ” pp. 257–262.
   

4. Andrew Garcia,
   Tough Trip Through Paradise,
   ed. Bennet Stein (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1967).
   

5. Johnny Faragher and Christine Stansell, “Women and their Families on the Overland Trail to California and Oregon, 1842–1867,” in
   A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women,
   ed. Nancy Cott and Elizabeth Pleck (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), p. 246.
   

6. The following is based on Ruth Karr McKee,
   Mary Richardson Walker: Her Book
   

   (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1945).
   

7. Luchetti, “
   I Do!,
   ” p. 184.
   

8. “Original Diary of Kitturah Penton (Mrs. George) Belknap” as quoted in Susan Butruille,
   Women’s Voices,
   p. 53 and following.
   

9. “Notes by the Wayside en Route to Oregon,” by Lydia A. Rudd. Typescript in the collection of Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
   

10. Lockley,
    Conversations,
    pp. 42–44.
    

11. Mollie: The Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford,
    pp. xxx.
    

12. Mary Ballou, “ ‘I Hear the Hogs in My Kitchen’: A Woman’s View of the Gold Rush,” in
    Let Them Speak for Themselves:Women in the American West 1849–1900,
    ed. Christiane Fischer (Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1977), pp. 42–46.
    

13. Rachel Haskell, “A Literate Woman in the Mines: the Diary of Rachel Haskell,” in
    Let Them Speak,
    ed. Fischer, pp. 58–72.
    

14. James Henry Gleason,
    Beloved Sister: The Letters of James Henry Gleason, 1841–1859
    (Glendale, CA: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1978).
    

15. Genaro Padilla, “ ‘Yo Sola Aprendi’: Mexican Women’s Personal Narratives from