Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (42 page)

110
Diana ultimately got her
: Diana Jolliffe Belcher,
The Mutineers of the Bounty and Their Descendants in Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1871).

111
His luck changed in 1836
: Richard Brinsley Hinds et al.,
The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur: Under the Command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher during the Years 1836–42
(London: Smith, Elder, 1844), 2.

111
“He was much attached”
: Ibid., 2.

111
A British zoologist named
: Bo Beolens et al.,
The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
­(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), s.v. “Belcher.”

111
It is the world's
: Cindy Blobaum,
Awesome Snake Science: 40 Activities for Learning about Snakes
(Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2012), 84.

111
Chinese authorities insisted
: Andrew L. Cherry et al.,
Substance Abuse: A Global View
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 41.

112
In January 1841
: Edward Belcher,
Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (
London: H. Colburn, 1843), 139.

112
After an absence of six years
: L. S. Dawson,
Memoirs of Hydrography, Including Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers Who Have Served in H.M. Naval Surveying Service between the Years 1750 and 1885
(Eastbourne: Henry W. Keay, the “Imperial Library,” 1885; Google eBook), 18.

112
She enjoyed what she called
: R. J. Hoage and William A. Deiss,
New Worlds, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 50.

112
“The Orang Outang is too”
: The Royal Archives,
Queen Victoria's Journals
,
May 27, 1842, accessed May 18, 2014,
www.queenvictoriajournals.org
.

112
Darwin, who had also visited the same ape:
Steve Jones,
The Darwin Archipelago: The Naturalist's Career Beyond Origin of the Species
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 1.

113
The queen loved the circus
: S. L. Kotar and J. E. Gessler,
The Rise of the American Circus, 1716–1899
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2011), 132.

113
The year before
:
“The Court,”
The Spectator
16 (London: F.C. Westley, 1843): 50.

113
In late September 1842
: Sidney Lee,
Queen Victoria
(New York: Macmillan, 1903), 139–44.

113
The five hens and two cocks
: There is no direct evidence of formal presentation of the birds, and there is continued controversy over when the fowl arrived at Windsor, their breed, and their donor. Several contemporary sources, however, support the assertion that Captain Belcher, newly arrived in London, made the presentation, though it is unlikely this was done in person given his personal circumstances. No other theory can account for the timing of the gift or the peculiar silence about the donor's identity.

113
The birds were quickly dubbed
:
Illustrated London News
3–4, December 23, 1843, 409;
The Countryman
69, no. 2 (1968), 350.

114
He had noted in his log the purchase of chickens
: Belcher,
Narrative of a Voyage Round the World
,
257.

114
Victoria and Albert immediately
: Jane Roberts,
Royal Landscape: The Gardens and Parks of Windsor
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 205.

114
Raised on a German country estate with
: Ibid., 205.

114
In December, the government
: Ibid.

114
“Partly forester, partly builder, partly farmer, and partly gardener”
: Robert Rhodes James,
Prince Albert: A Biography
(New York: Knopf, 1984), 142.

115
“We walked down to the Farm”
:
Queen Victoria's Journals,
January 23, 1843.

115
The fanciful structure was
:
W. C. L. Martin,
The Poultry Yard: Comprising the Management of All Kinds of Fowls
(London: Routledge, 1852), 7.

115
When the
Illustrated London News:
Illustrated London News
3–4, December 23, 1843, 409.

115
The morning the article was published
:
Queen Victoria's Journals
, December 23, 1843.

115
The same week
: Charles Dickens,
A Christmas Carol in Prose: Being a Ghost Story of Christmas
(London: Chapman & Hall, 1843), i.

115
But it was chicken rather
: “A Royal Banquet,”
Carlisle Patriot
, January 6, 1844.

116
The following spring, after
:
Queen Victoria's Journals
, April 4, 1844.

116
By the summer of 1844
: Ibid., July 12, 1844.

116
Mainly, however, this
: Ibid., November 22, 1847.

116
The author of the 1844
: John French Burke,
Farming for Ladies; Or, a Guide to the ­Poultry-Yard, the Dairy and Piggery
(London: John J. Murray, 1844).

116
Chickens were already in Britain
: Kitty Chisholm and John Ferguson,
Rome
(Oxford: Oxford University Press in Association with the Open University Press, 1981), 595; Margaret Visser,
Much Depends on Dinner: The Extraordinary History and Mythology, Allure and Obsessions, Perils and Taboos, of an Ordinary Meal
(New York: Grove Press, 1987), 123.

117
Roman men carried the right
: Janet Vorwald Dohner,
The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds
(Yale University Press, 2001), s.v. “Chickens.”

117
The oldest handwritten
: C. R. Whittaker,
Rome and Its Frontiers: The Dynamics of Empire
(London: Routledge, 2004), 98.

117
The Latin saying
: John G. Robertson,
Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements
(Eugene, OR: Senior Scribe Publications, 1991), 237.

117
and Roman bakers
: Apicius,
Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome
, ed. and trans. Joseph Dommers Vehling (Milton Keynes, U.K.: Lightning Source, 2009), 95.

117
And in Roman Britain
: Bruce Watson and N. C. W. Bateman,
Roman London: Recent Archaeological Work; Including Papers Given at a Seminar Held at the Museum of England on 16 November, 1996
(Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1998), 96.

117
The sixth-century AD Rule
: Terrence Kardong,
Benedict's Rule: A Translation and Commentary
(Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1996), 326.

117
It was, the food scholar
: C. Anne Wilson,
Food & Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century
(Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 1991), 130.

117
You could buy a whole bird
: Ibid.

118
In thirteenth-century London
: Ibid., 123.

118
One historian calculates that
: Phillip Slavin, “Chicken Husbandry in Late-Medieval Eastern England: 1250–1400,”
Anthropozoologica
44, no. 2 (2009): 35–56, doi:10.5252/az2009n2a2.

118
“Whoever could afford, substituted chickens”
: Ibid.

118
At Henry VI's 1429
: John Lawrence et al.,
Moubray's Treatise on Domestic and Ornamental Poultry: A Practical Guide to the History, Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Fattening, and General Management of Fowls and Pigeons
(London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co., 1854), 27.

118
Besides providing delicious meat
: Jeffery L. Forgeng,
Daily Life in Elizabethan England
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995), 113.

118
Their profits, sniffed
: Samuel Smith,
General View of the Agriculture of Galloway Comprehending Two Counties, Viz. the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtonshire, with Observations on the Means of Their Improvement
(London: printed for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1813), 298.

118
In 1801, Parliament
: David W. Galenson,
Markets in History: Economic Studies of the Past
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 16.

118
In 1825, London's population
: Jennifer Speake,
Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia
(New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2003), 739.

119
Less food and more
: Thomas Robert Malthus and Michael P. Fogarty,
An Essay on the Principle of Population: In Two Volumes
(London: Dent, 1967), 15.

119
One of his tutors, Adolphe Quetelet
: Gillian Gill,
We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2009), 134.

119
The prince encouraged
: Roberts,
Royal Landscape
,
93.

119
The transformation of British
: J. W. Reginald Hammond,
Complete England
(London: Ward Lock, 1974), 20.

120
By the 1840s Leadenhall
: George Dodd,
The Food of London: A Sketch of the Chief
Varieties, Sources of Supply, Probable Quantities, Modes of Arrival, Processes of Manufacture, Suspected Adulteration, and Machinery of Distribution, of the Food for a Community of Two Millions and a Half
(London: Longmans, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1856), 326.

120
Most poultry was brought
: Ibid.

120
Britons ate about 60 million
: William Henry Chandler,
Chandler's Encyclopaedia: An Epitome of Universal Knowledge
(New York: Collier, 1898), vol. 5; s.v. “Poultry.”

120
Eggs were also used to
: Lawrence,
Moubray's Treatise on Domestic and Ornamental Poultry
, 48.

120
As the Windsor aviary
:
Illustrated.

121
“In order to improve”
:
Berkshire Chronicle
, September 28, 1844.

121
London's first poultry show
:
Poultry Science
47, 1968, 1–1048.

121
Europe's wet June continued
: Charles C. Mann,
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
(New York: Knopf, 2011), 285.

121
“Another fine morning, when”
:
Queen Victoria's Journals
, September 13, 1845.

122
That day, the potato blight
: Mann,
1493
,
285.

122
An 1845 government report
: Margaret F. Sullivan,
Ireland of To-day; the Causes and Aims of Irish Agitation
(Philadelphia: J.C. McCurdy & Co., 1881), 185.

122
“Deprive him of this”
: Joseph Fisher,
The History of Landholding in Ireland
(London: Longmans, Green, 1877), 119.

122
At Windsor on November 6
:
Queen Victoria's Journals
, November 6, 1845.

122
“Half of the potatoes”
: James H. Murphy,
Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria
(Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2001), 62.

122
That winter, outraged Irish
: Michael Gillespie,
The Theoretical Solution to the British/Irish Problem: Using the General Theory of a Federal Kingdom Clearly Stated and Fully Discussed in This Thesis
(Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2013), 115.

123
In 1841, the Irish sent
: Fisher,
History of Landholding
, 118.

123
“Eggs also constitute”
: Lawrence,
Moubray's Treatise on Domestic and Ornamental Poultry
, 48.

123
On February 23, 1846
: John Kelly,
The Graves Are Walking: The Great Famine and the Saga of the Irish People
(New York: Henry Holt, 2012), 75.

123
The Royal Dublin Societ
y:
The Journal of the Royal Dublin Society
7, 1845.

123
Prince Albert, who had recently
: Henry Fitz-Patrick Berry,
A History of the Royal Dublin Society
(London and New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1915), 279.

124
On March 23, as Albert
: Kelly,
The Graves Are Walking
,
100.

124
A London paper reported
:
London Daily News
, April 17, 1846, p. 3.

124
He explained to a rapt audience:
Ibid.

124
“
But if this be a fact”
: Edmund Saul Dixon,
Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their ­History and Management
(London: At the Office of the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1848), 167.

124
The birds “created such”
: Walter B. Dickson et al.,
Poultry: Their Breeding, Rearing, Diseases, and General Management
(London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1853), 5.