Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (39 page)

53
The helmet of the famous
: J. J. Pollitt,
The Art of Ancient Greece: Sources and Documents
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 64.

53
Laying hens were common by Socrates's
: George Moore,
Ancient Greece: A Compre
hensive Resource for the Active Study of Ancient Greece
(Nuneaton, U.K.: Prim-Ed, 2000), 16.

53
In the original Hippocratic oath
:
Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
, s.v. “Hippocratic Corpus.”

53
Called alabastrons, these little
: George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard,
History of Drug Containers and Their Labels
(Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1999), 4.

53
There was a spacious Asklepion
: Sara B. Aleshire,
The Athenian Asklepieion: The People, Their Dedications, and the Inventories
(Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989).

54
At Epidaurus
: Helmut Koester,
History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age
(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), 167.

54
At the Asklepion on the island
: Aleshire,
The Athenian Asklepieion.

54
All that remains of this era
: Walter J
.
Friedlander,
The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992).

54
But as late as the third century AD
: Thomas Taylor, ed.,
Select Works of Porphyry; Containing His Four Books on Abstinence from Animal Food; His Treatise on the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs; and His Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures
(London: T. Rodd, 1823).

54
Galen, the second-century AD Greek
: Galen,
On the Properties of Food
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003), 3.1.10.

54
Others recommended
: Page Smith and Charles Daniel,
The Chicken Book
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 125.

54
“Chicken offers so great an advantage to men”
: Ulisse Aldrovandi,
Aldrovandi on ­Chickens: The Ornithology of Ulisse Aldrovandi 1600
,
ed. and trans. L. R. Lind
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 2:259.

55
In the ancient city of Milas
: Banu Karaoz, “First-aid Home Treatment of Burns Among Children and Some Implications at Milas, Turkey,”
Journal of Emergency Nursing
36, no. 2 (2010): 111–14.

55
The Roman writer Pliny called it
: Smith and Daniel,
The Chicken Book
, 125.

55
A 2000 study in
Chest
found
: Bo Rennard et al.,
“Chicken Soup Inhibits Neutrophil Chemotaxis In Vitro,”
Chest
118, no. 2 (2000): 1150–57.

55
Another study confirmed that
: K. Saketkhoo et al., “Effects of Drinking Hot Water, Cold Water, and Chicken Soup on Nasal Mucus Velocity and Nasal Airflow Resistance,”
Chest 74
(1978), 74, 408.

55
And a 2011 study by an
: Matt Kelley, “Top Doctor Says Chicken Soup Does Have Healing Properties,” Radio Iowa, January 17, 2011, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.radioiowa.com/2011/01/17/top-doctor-says-chicken-soup-does-have-healing-properties/
.

55
Rooster combs, for example
: Paul J. Carniol and Neil S. Sadick,
Clinical Procedures in Laser Skin Rejuvenation
(London: Informa Healthcare, 2007), 184.

55
The pharmaceutical company Pfizer
: Alicia Ault, “From the Head of a Rooster to a Smiling Face Near You,”
New York Times
, December 22, 2003, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/23/science/from-the-head-of-a-rooster-to-a-smiling-face-near-you.html
.

55
And proteins derived from chicken bones
: “Chicken Protein Halts Swelling, Pain of Arthritis Patients in Trial,”
Denver Post
, September 24, 1993.

56
The cargo is from dozens
: Peter Schue, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

56
Hippocrates described flu symptoms nearly
: Niall Johnson,
Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue
(London: Routledge, 2006), 1; Carol Turking
ton and Bonnie Ashby,
Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases
(New York: Facts on File, 1998), 165.

56
In a normal year, the flu virus sickens millions
: “Influenza (Seasonal),” World Health Organization, March 2014, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/
.

56
In the global pandemic of 1918
: Niall Johnson,
Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic
, 82.

56
Influenza appears to be a price humans
: Ibid., 33.

56
Each year, scientists around the world
: “Vaccine Development,”
Flu.gov
, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.flu.gov/prevention-vaccination/vaccine-development/
.

58
The U.S. Army in World War II
: Richard W. Compans and Walter A. Orenstein,
Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza
(Berlin: Springer, 2009), 49.

59
American soldiers received
: Ibid., 49.

59
Until recently, this has been
: “FDA Approves First Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Manufactured Using Cell Culture Technology,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration news release, November 20, 2012, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm328982.htm
.

59
Early the following year, the FDA
: Robert Roos, “FDA Approves First Flu Vaccine Grown in Insect Cells,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, January 17, 2013, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2013/01/fda-approves-first-flu-vaccine-grown-insect-cells
.

59
He observed the mating habits of roosters
: Rom Harré,
Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments That Changed Our View of the World
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 31.

60
Instead, the Greek thinker proposed
: Ibid.

60
These innovative chicken-egg
: Aristotle, “Book 7: On the Heavens,” in
Aristotle's Collection
(Google eBook Publish This, LLC, 2013).

60
William Harvey in seventeenth-century
: Michael Windelspecht,
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 19th Century
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 57.

60
Marcello Malpighi at Bologna
: Ibid., 167.

60
Three centuries later, in 1931
: Patrick Collard,
The Development of Microbiology
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 164.

60
By the 1950s, cancer researchers
: Andries Zijlstra, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

61
On October 30, 1878, a package
: Stanley A. Plotkin, ed.,
History of Vaccine Development
(New York: Springer, 2010), 35.

61
“We now have a culture”
: H. Bazin,
Vaccination: A History from Lady Montagu to Genetic Engineering
(Montrouge, France: J. Libbey Eurotext, 2011), 152.

62
“Chance only favors the”
: Stanley Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 309.

62
By January of 1880, Pasteur
: Plotkin,
History of Vaccine Development
, 36.

62
“Through certain changes”
: Bazin,
Vaccination
, 163.

62
A Dutch doctor in Indonesia
: Christiaan Eijkman,
Polyneuritis in Chickens, or the Origin of Vitamin Research
(papers, Hoffman-la Roche, 1990); Henry E. Brady and David Collier,
Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 228; Richard Gordon,
The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants
(New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993), 63.

63
In 1910, the director of New York's
: Harry Bruinius,
Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

63
Laughlin saw chicken breeding
: Francis Galton and Karl Pearson,
The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton
, vol. 3, part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 221.

63
In 1933, lawmakers in Nazi Germany decreed
: Michael R. Cummings,
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues
(Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2000), 13.

63
The French biologist Alexis Carrel:
Andrés Horacio Reggiani,
God's Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline
(New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 41.

63
This experiment electrified
: “Living Tissue Endowed by Carrel with ‘Eternal Youth' Has Birthday; Begins Today New Year of ‘Immortality' in Its Glass ‘Olympus' at ­Laboratory—Age in Human Terms Is Put at 200,”
New York Times
, January 16, 1942.

63
Carrel was a member of a scientific
:
H. H. Laughlin,
Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective ­Germ-Plasm in the American Population
(Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Record Office, 1914).

64
At Edinburgh's Roslin Institute
: Helen Sang, “
Transgenic Chickens
—Methods and Potential Applications,”
Trends in Biotechnology
12 (1994): 415–20.

4. Essential Gear

65
But thirty thousand years ago
: Brian M. Fagan and Charlotte Beck,
The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 543.

65
Humans then moved around the Pacific
: Claudia Briones and José Luis Lanata, eds.,
Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives on the Native Peoples of Pampa, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego to the Nineteenth Century
(Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2002), 6.

66
Not until after AD 120
0
:
Andrew Lawler, “Beyond
Kon-Tiki
: Did Polynesians Sail to South America?”
Science
328, no. 5984 (2010): 1344–47, doi: 10.1126/science.328.5984.1344.

66
“How shall we account for this”
: A. Grenfell Price, ed.,
The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of His Own Journals, 1768–1779
(New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 222.

66
Well into the twentieth century
:
Ben R. Finney,
Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 12.

66
At the insistence of the naturalist Joseph
: Ibid., 7.

66
“These people sail in those seas”
: Ibid., 11.

66
“When this comes to be prov'd”
: James Cook,
Captain Cook's Journal During His First Voyage Round the World Made in H.M. Bark “Endeavour” 1768–71
, ed. Captain W. J. L. Whartom (London: Elliot Stock, 1893; Google eBook, 2013).

66
Aboard the
Endeavour: “HMS Endeavour,”
Technogypsie.com
, April 24, 2011, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.technogypsie.com/science/?p=200
.

66
For the Polynesians, they
: John Hawkesworth, W. Strahan, and T. Cadell,
An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere
, vol. 2 (London: printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell in the Strand, 1773; Google eBook).

67
Easter Islanders made a similar
: Steven R. Fischer,
Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island
(London: Reaktion, 2005).

67
“Chickens played an important”
: Scoresby Routledge,
The Mystery of Easter Island: The
Story of an Expedition
(London: printed for the author by Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1919), 218.

67
By Routledge's day
: Kathy Pelta,
Rediscovering Easter Island
(Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2001), 36.

67
“Humankind's covetousness is”
: Terry Hunt and Carl Lipo,
The Statues That Walked: Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island
(New York: Free Press, 2011), 20.

67
Author Jared Diamond
: Jared Diamond, “Easter's End,”
Discover
, August 1995.

68
Hundreds of these structures
: Edwin Ferdon Jr., “Stone Chicken Coops on Easter Island,”
Rapa Nui Journal
14, no. 3 (2000).

68
In his 1997 book,
Guns: Jared M. Diamond,
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), 60.