Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (45 page)

162
Four years later, chunks
: R. C. McKeller et al., “A Diverse Assemblage of Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Bird Feathers from Canadian Amber,”
Science
333, no. 6049 (2011): 1619–622, doi:10.1126/science.1203344.

162
Triceratops, that hulking
: J. Clarke, “Feathers Before Flight,”
Science
340, no. 6133 (2013): 690-92. doi:10.1126/science.1235463.

163
Feathers, in fact, may
: Ibid.

163
Avians are a particular sort
: Gareth Dyke and Gary W. Kaiser,
Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds
(Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 9.

163
Some researchers even
: “Oviraptor,” Mediahex, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.mediahex.com/Oviraptor
.

163
Called a basilisk
: Rosa Giorgi et al.,
Angels and Demons in Art
(Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005), 99.

163
Pliny the Elder
: Ibid.

164
The twelfth-century German mystic
: Petzoldt Leander,
Kleines Lexikon der Dämonen und Elementargeister
(Munich: C. H. Beck, 2003), 30.

164
Panic swept thirteenth-century Vienna
: George M. Eberhart,
Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 33.

164
A hysterical mob of sixteenth-century Dutch
: Mike Dash, “The Strange Tale of the Warsaw Basilisk,”
A Fortean in the Archives
(blog), February 28, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://aforteantinthearchives.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/the-strange-tale-of-the-warsaw-basilisk/
.

164
On an August afternoon in 1474
: Thomas Hofmeier,
Basils Ungeheuer: Eine kleine Basiliskenkunde
(Berlin and Basel: Leonhard-Thurneysser-Verlag, 2009).

164
As late as 1651
: Jan Bondeson,
The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 176.

164
“Know, Sir, that there”
: Voltaire,
Zadig, Or, The Book of Fate: An Oriental History; Translated from the French, Etc
. (London: T. Kelly, 1816), 48.

164
The basilisk has resurfaced
: Allan Zola Kronzek and Elizabeth Kronzek,
The Sorcerer's Companion: A Guide to the Magical World of Harry Potter
(New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 22.

165
Clinton wanted to be a
: Mike Clinton, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

165
The Greek philosopher
: Georgios Anagnostopoulos,
A Companion to Aristotle
(Chi­chester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 113.

167
Clinton's surprising conclusion
: D. Zhao et al., “Somatic Sex Identity Is Cell Autonomous in the Chicken,”
Nature
464, no. 7286 (2010): 237–42, doi:10.1038/­nature08852.

168
“Successful chicken-sexing”
: Lyall Watson,
Beyond Supernature: A New Natural History of the Supernatural
(Toronto: Bantam Books, 1988), 65.

168
In the United States alone, more
: Associated Press, “Chicks Being Ground Up Alive Video,”
The Huffington Post
, September 1, 2009, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/01/chicks-being-ground-up-al_n_273652.html
.

168
For such sex detection
: Clinton, interview.

9. Feeding Babalu

170
There is a day when
: Leon Rubin and I. Nyoman Sedana,
Performance in Bali
(London: Routledge, 2007), 4.

171
Ida Pedanda Made Manis
: Ida Pedanda Made Manis, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

171
Pedanda
means “bearer”
: Tom Hunter Aryati, translations via email message to author, May 13, 2014.

172
Though they enjoy a reputation
: Hugh Mabbett,
The Balinese
(Wellington, N.Z.: January Books, 1985), 97.

172
A Balinese king told one
: J. Stephen Lansing,
Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali
(Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2012), 56.

172
The focus today is on animal
: Leo Howe,
The Changing World of Bali: Religion, Society and Tourism
(London: Routledge, 2005).

172
Terrorist bombings at a packed
: “The 12 October 2002 Bali Bombing Plot,”
BBC News
, October 11, 2012, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19881138
.

172
To redress the imbalance
: Richard C. Paddock, “Prayerful Balinese Gather to Purge
Bombing Site of Evil,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 16, 2002, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/16/world/fg-bali16
.

172
That ritual paled in comparison
: Cameron Forbes,
Under the Volcano: The Story of Bali
(Melbourne, Vic.: Black, 2007), 76.

172
“Night and day”
: Tom Hunter Aryati, translations via email message to author, March 10, 2012.

173
Pura Penataran Agung Taman Bali
: Ibid.

175
“We appear to substitute”
: Yancey Orr, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

175
Technically, only three matches
: “Cockfighting: Cockfighting in Indonesia,”
indahnesia.com
, last modified September 15, 2009, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/INDCOC/cockfighting.php
.

175
“To anyone who”
: Clifford Geertz,
The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays
(New York: Basic Books, 1973), 417.

176
“Children of men who”
: John A. Hardon,
American Judaism
(Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1971), 179.

177
The Roman Jewish writer
: Ronald L. Eisenberg,
The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions
(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2004), 713.

177
“
How often I have longed”
: Matthew. 23:37
(
The New Jerusalem Bible: Standard Edition
).

177
The Mishnah, an older part
: Eisenberg,
The JPS Guide
, 712.

177
A later portion of the Talmud
: Ronald L. Eisenberg,
What the Rabbis Said: 250 Topics from the Talmud
(Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010), 266.

177
The Hebrew word for rooster
,
gever: Joshua Trachtenberg,
Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 164.

177
The practice of
kapparot: Adele Berlin,
The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), s.v. “Kapparot”; Nancy E. Berg,
Exile from Exile: Israeli Writers from Iraq
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 60.

178
Thirteenth-century rabbis
: Israel Drazin,
Maimonides: The Exceptional Mind
(Jerusalem: Gefen Pub., 2008), 203.

179
In 2005, a chicken vendor
: Tanay Warerkar and Oren Yaniv, “No One Here but Us (Dead) Chickens! Thousands of Birds Die from Heat, Not Jewish Sin Ritual,”
New York Daily News
, September 12, 2003, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/birds-die-annual-ritual-slaughter-article-1.1454098
.

179
“The industrialization”
: Associated Press, “Activists Cry Foul over Ultra-­Orthodox Chicken Ritual,”
NewsOK
, September 8, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://newsok.com/activists-cry-foul-over-ultra-orthodox-chicken-ritual/article/feed/189277
.

180
“Kapparot is not consistent”: Goren quoted by Nazila Mahgerefteh, “A Wing and a Prayer,” September 28, 2006, accessed May 15, 2014,
www.endchickensaskaporos.com
.

180
The day before my visit
: Rachel Avraham, “Minister Peretz Opposes the Kaparot Tradition: ‘Prevent Animals from Suffering,' ” JerusalemOnline, September 11, 2013, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.jerusalemonline.com/news/politics-and-military/politics/minister-peretz-opposes-the-kaparot-tradition-1616
.

180
Hundreds of fowl slated for use
: Warerkar and Yaniv, “No One Here but Us (Dead) Chickens!”

180
James Frazer noted
: James George Frazer and Robert Fraser,
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 14.

180
Frazer notes that
: Ibid., 545.

181
“You may kill animals”
:
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah
, 508 U.S. 520 (1993).

181
Drawing on ancient African
: Abiola Irele and Biodun Jeyifo,
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), s.v. “Santeria.”

181
“What can we do”
: Ronald J. Krotoszynski,
The First Amendment: Cases and Theory
(New York: Aspen Publishers, 2008), 881.

182
Lukumi
is another term for Santeria
: George Brandon,
Santeria from Africa to the New World: The Dead Sell Memories
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 145.

182
“Babalu,” Ricky Ricardo's
: Migene González-Wippler,
Santeria: The Religion, Faith, Rites, Magic
(St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 1994), 68.

182
White hens and roosters
: Caracas vendor who declined to give name, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

182
About AD 1200, a settlement
: Toyin Falola and Christian Jennings,
Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed
(Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003), 59.

182
According to one Yoruba tradition
: Abraham Ajibade Adeleke, preface to
Intermediate Yoruba: Language, Culture, Literature, and Religious Beliefs,
part 2 (Bloomington, IN: Trafford Pub, 2011).

183
“Such a name for”
: Daniel McCall, “The Marvelous Chicken and Its Companion in Yoruba Art,”
Paideuma
Bd. 24 (1978).

183
The first mention of the bird
: Timothy Insoll,
The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 239; R. Blench and Kevin C. MacDonald,
The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics, and Ethnography
(London: UCL Press, 2000).

183
In a 2011 Ethiopian dig
: Catherine D'Andrea, email message to author, 2013.

184
Stephen Dueppen, a professor
: Stephen Dueppen, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012; see Stephen A. Dueppen,
Egalitarian Revolution in the Savanna: The Origins of a West African Political System
(London: Equinox Pub., 2012).

186
Among neighboring Mali
: Jean Chevalier et al.,
A Dictionary of Symbols
(London: Penguin Books, 1996), s.v. “Rooster.”

186
In his 2010 paper in American Antiquit
y
: S. A. Dueppen, “Early evidence for chicken at Iron Age Kirikongo (c. AD 100–1450), Burkina Faso,”
Antiquity
85, no. 327: 142–57.

186
In the Congo basin, a female
: Victor Turner, “Poison Ordeal: Revelation and Divination in Ndembu Ritual,” Object Retrieval, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.objectretrieval.com/node/273.

186
Yoruba proverbs are liberally
: Oyekan Owomoyela,
Yoruba Proverbs
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 467.

187
Before any major undertaking
: Federico Santangelo,
Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 27.

188
“Scarcely any matter out”
: Marcus Tullius and Clinton Walker Keyes, eds., Cicero,
De Re Publica, De Legibus
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), 255.

188
A specialist called a
pullarius: Santangelo,
Divination, Prediction, and the End of the Roman Republic
,
27.

188
The sacred chickens kept
: Cicero,
De Re Publica, De Legibus
,
393.

188
A senior Roman general
: Ibid., 451.

189
“I think that, although”
: Ibid., 226.

189
“In a world of instant”
: Ócha'ni Lele,
Teachings of the Santeria Gods: The Spirit of the Odu
(Rochester, VT: Bear & Co., 2010), 7.

190
Testifying to the U.S. district
:
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
.

190
Sanitary workers at the Miami-Dade
: “Miami Courthouse Littered with Sacrifices to Gods,”
New York Daily News
, April 10, 1995, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1241&dat=19950410&id=AZ1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6744,5351003
.