What Hath God Wrought (135 page)
Read What Hath God Wrought Online
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: #History, #United States, #19th Century, #Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), #Modern, #General, #Religion
29. See Jack Larkin,
The Reshaping of Everyday Life
(New York, 1988); David Danbom,
Born in the Country
(Baltimore, 1995); Priscilla Brewer,
From Fireplace to Cookstove
(Syracuse, N.Y., 2000).
The Reshaping of Everyday Life
(New York, 1988); David Danbom,
Born in the Country
(Baltimore, 1995); Priscilla Brewer,
From Fireplace to Cookstove
(Syracuse, N.Y., 2000).
30. Historical currency conversions provided by www.westegg.com/inflation and 2002 GDP tables at www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/rank/PIBH2 (viewed March 8, 2007).
31. John Murrin,
Beneficiaries of Catastrophe
(Philadelphia, 1991); Peter McClelland and Richard Zeckhauser,
Demographic Dimensions of the New Republic
(Cambridge, Eng., 1982); Robert Fogel, “Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality Since 1700,” in
Long-term Factors in American Economic Growth
, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Chicago, 1986), Table 9.A.1. For the World War II draftee, see David Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear
(New York, 1999), 710.
Beneficiaries of Catastrophe
(Philadelphia, 1991); Peter McClelland and Richard Zeckhauser,
Demographic Dimensions of the New Republic
(Cambridge, Eng., 1982); Robert Fogel, “Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality Since 1700,” in
Long-term Factors in American Economic Growth
, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Chicago, 1986), Table 9.A.1. For the World War II draftee, see David Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear
(New York, 1999), 710.
32. Sarah McMahon, “Laying Foods By,” in
Early American Technology
, ed. Judith McGaw (Chapel Hill, 1994), 164–96; Jane Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
(New York, 1993), 96–98, 187–93; Danbom,
Born in the Country
, 99.
Early American Technology
, ed. Judith McGaw (Chapel Hill, 1994), 164–96; Jane Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
(New York, 1993), 96–98, 187–93; Danbom,
Born in the Country
, 99.
33. Among many works, see esp. Richard Bushman, “Markets and Composite Farms in Early America,”
WMQ
55 (1998): 351–74; Christopher Clark,
The Roots of Rural Capitalism
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1990).
WMQ
55 (1998): 351–74; Christopher Clark,
The Roots of Rural Capitalism
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1990).
34. Herbert S. Klein,
A Population History of the United States
(Cambridge, Eng., 2004), 78; Mark Cairnes and John Garraty,
Mapping America’s Past
(New York, 1996), 94–95. See further Christopher Clark,
Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War
(Chicago, 2006), 141–44.
A Population History of the United States
(Cambridge, Eng., 2004), 78; Mark Cairnes and John Garraty,
Mapping America’s Past
(New York, 1996), 94–95. See further Christopher Clark,
Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War
(Chicago, 2006), 141–44.
35. Gavin Wright,
The Political Economy of the Cotton South
(New York, 1978), 69–72; Martin Bruegel,
Farm, Shop, Landing: The Rise of a Market Society in the Hudson Valley
(Durham, N.C., 2002), 5.
The Political Economy of the Cotton South
(New York, 1978), 69–72; Martin Bruegel,
Farm, Shop, Landing: The Rise of a Market Society in the Hudson Valley
(Durham, N.C., 2002), 5.
36. Ruth Cowan,
Social History of American Technology
(New York, 1997), 39–43; Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
, 46–47; Benjamin Klebaner,
American Commercial Banking
(Boston, 1990), 12; Larkin,
Reshaping Everyday Life
, 38, 53.
Social History of American Technology
(New York, 1997), 39–43; Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
, 46–47; Benjamin Klebaner,
American Commercial Banking
(Boston, 1990), 12; Larkin,
Reshaping Everyday Life
, 38, 53.
37. Peter McClelland,
Sowing Modernity: America’s First Agricultural Revolution
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1997); Madison quoted on 41. See also Brian Donahue, “Environmental Stewardship and Decline in Old New England,”
JER
24 (2004): 234–41; Steven Stoll,
Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York, 2002).
Sowing Modernity: America’s First Agricultural Revolution
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1997); Madison quoted on 41. See also Brian Donahue, “Environmental Stewardship and Decline in Old New England,”
JER
24 (2004): 234–41; Steven Stoll,
Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York, 2002).
38. Laurel Ulrich,
The Age of Homespun
(New York, 2001), esp. 37–38.
The Age of Homespun
(New York, 2001), esp. 37–38.
39. See Nancy Osterud,
Bonds of Community
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1991); Hendrik Hartog,
Man and Wife in America
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000); Carole Shammas,
A History of Household Government in America
(Charlottesville, Va., 2002).
Bonds of Community
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1991); Hendrik Hartog,
Man and Wife in America
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000); Carole Shammas,
A History of Household Government in America
(Charlottesville, Va., 2002).
40. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States
(Washington, 1975), I, 19.
Historical Statistics of the United States
(Washington, 1975), I, 19.
41. Larkin,
Reshaping Everyday Life
, 75–76; Donald Wright,
African Americans in the Early Republic
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1993), 68–70; Laurel Ulrich,
A Midwife’s Tale
(New York, 1990).
Reshaping Everyday Life
, 75–76; Donald Wright,
African Americans in the Early Republic
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1993), 68–70; Laurel Ulrich,
A Midwife’s Tale
(New York, 1990).
42. The secondary literature on this subject is enormous. See James Kloppenberg, “The Virtues of Liberalism,”
JAH
74 (1987): 9–33; Joyce Appleby,
Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992).
JAH
74 (1987): 9–33; Joyce Appleby,
Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992).
43. For portrayals of this outlook, see Jon Butler,
Becoming America
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000); Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000).
Becoming America
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000); Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000).
44. James Penick,
The New Madrid Earthquakes
(Columbia, Mo., 1976); Malcolm Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier
(New York, 1978), 152; Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
, 261–76.
The New Madrid Earthquakes
(Columbia, Mo., 1976); Malcolm Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier
(New York, 1978), 152; Nylander,
Our Own Snug Fireside
, 261–76.
45. Donald Akenson,
The Irish Diaspora
(Toronto, 1996), 253–54; Edward Grabb, Douglas Baer, and James Curtis, “The Origins of American Individualism,”
Canadian Journal of Sociology
24 (1999): 511–533.
The Irish Diaspora
(Toronto, 1996), 253–54; Edward Grabb, Douglas Baer, and James Curtis, “The Origins of American Individualism,”
Canadian Journal of Sociology
24 (1999): 511–533.
46. There are many fine studies of particular communities. Examples include John Brooke,
The Heart of the Commonwealth
(New York, 1990); John Faragher,
Sugar Creek
(New Haven, 1986); Randolph Roth,
The Democratic Dilemma
(Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Gross, “Agriculture and Society in Thoreau’s Concord,”
JAH
69 (1982): 42–61.
The Heart of the Commonwealth
(New York, 1990); John Faragher,
Sugar Creek
(New Haven, 1986); Randolph Roth,
The Democratic Dilemma
(Cambridge, Eng., 1987); Robert Gross, “Agriculture and Society in Thoreau’s Concord,”
JAH
69 (1982): 42–61.
47. An idea explored more fully in James Block,
A Nation of Agents
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
A Nation of Agents
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
48. George Rogers Taylor,
The Transportation Revolution
(New York, 1951), 15–17, 132–33.
The Transportation Revolution
(New York, 1951), 15–17, 132–33.
49. The apt term of the great French historian Fernand Braudel, in
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York, 1976), I, 355.
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York, 1976), I, 355.
50. Menahem Blondheim,
News over the Wires
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 11, 17.
News over the Wires
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 11, 17.
51. The mean center of population has moved westward with every decade’s census. In 1980 it crossed the Mississippi River. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/meanctr.pdf (viewed Feb. 23, 2007).
52. See Richard John,
Spreading the News
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995) and Richard Brown,
Knowledge Is Power
(New York, 1989).
Spreading the News
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995) and Richard Brown,
Knowledge Is Power
(New York, 1989).
53. Jeremy Atack et al., “The Farm, the Farmer, and the Market,” in
Cambridge Economic History of the United States
, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Cambridge, Eng., 2000), II, 245–84; Bradley Bond, “Herders, Farmers, and Markets on the Inner Frontier,” in
Plain Folk of the South Revisited
, ed. Samuel Hyde Jr. (Baton Rouge, 1997), 73–99.
Cambridge Economic History of the United States
, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Cambridge, Eng., 2000), II, 245–84; Bradley Bond, “Herders, Farmers, and Markets on the Inner Frontier,” in
Plain Folk of the South Revisited
, ed. Samuel Hyde Jr. (Baton Rouge, 1997), 73–99.
54. Quoted in Stoll,
Larding the Lean Earth
, vii.
Larding the Lean Earth
, vii.
55. See Alan Taylor, “Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier,” in
Devising Liberty
, ed. David Konig (Stanford, 1995), 81–108; Richard Steckel, “The Economic Foundations of East-West Migration During the 19th Century,”
Explorations in Economic History
20 (1983): 14–36.
Devising Liberty
, ed. David Konig (Stanford, 1995), 81–108; Richard Steckel, “The Economic Foundations of East-West Migration During the 19th Century,”
Explorations in Economic History
20 (1983): 14–36.
56. Christopher Clark, “Rural America and the Transition to Capitalism,”
JER
16 (1996): 223–36; Elliott West, “American Frontier,” in
The Oxford History of the American West
, ed. Clyde Milner et al. (New York, 1994), 114–49; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Antebellum Southern Herdsman,”
Journal of Southern History
41 (1975): 147–66.
JER
16 (1996): 223–36; Elliott West, “American Frontier,” in
The Oxford History of the American West
, ed. Clyde Milner et al. (New York, 1994), 114–49; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Antebellum Southern Herdsman,”
Journal of Southern History
41 (1975): 147–66.
57. Catherine Kelly,
In the New England Fashion: Reshaping Women’s Lives in the Nineteenth Century
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1999), 93–98, discusses and quotes from Fuller’s manuscript.
In the New England Fashion: Reshaping Women’s Lives in the Nineteenth Century
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1999), 93–98, discusses and quotes from Fuller’s manuscript.
58. Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, II, 157; Gallatin is quoted in Bruce Mann,
Republic of Debtors
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 209.
Democracy in America
, II, 157; Gallatin is quoted in Bruce Mann,
Republic of Debtors
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 209.
59. Naomi Lamoreaux, “Rethinking the Transition to Capitalism in the Early American Northeast,”
JAH
90 (2003): 437–61; David R. Meyer,
Roots of American Industrialization
(Baltimore, 2003), 11, 34–36.
JAH
90 (2003): 437–61; David R. Meyer,
Roots of American Industrialization
(Baltimore, 2003), 11, 34–36.
60. Linda Kerber,
Women of the Republic
(Chapel Hill, 1980), 199–200, 228–31, 283–88; Mary Beth Norton,
Liberty’s Daughters
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1980), 228–35, 247–50.
Women of the Republic
(Chapel Hill, 1980), 199–200, 228–31, 283–88; Mary Beth Norton,
Liberty’s Daughters
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1980), 228–35, 247–50.
61. See Joyce Appleby, “The Vexed Story of Capitalism Told by American Historians,”
JER
21 (2001): 1–18; Thomas Haskell, “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility,” in
The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism
, ed. Thomas Bender (Berkeley, 1992), 107–60.
JER
21 (2001): 1–18; Thomas Haskell, “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility,” in
The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism
, ed. Thomas Bender (Berkeley, 1992), 107–60.
62. Allan Kulikoff,
Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism
(Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 49; Peter Cartwright,
Autobiography
, ed. Charles Wallis (1856; New York, 1956), 169–70.
Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism
(Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 49; Peter Cartwright,
Autobiography
, ed. Charles Wallis (1856; New York, 1956), 169–70.
63. David Jaffee, “Peddlers of Progress,” JAH 78 (1991): 511–35. More generally, see Richard Bushman,
The Refinement of America
(New York, 1992); John Crowley,
The Invention of Comfort
(Baltimore, 2001).
The Refinement of America
(New York, 1992); John Crowley,
The Invention of Comfort
(Baltimore, 2001).
64. See T. H. Breen,
The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence
(New York, 2004).
The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence
(New York, 2004).
65. Ian Steele,
The English Atlantic: An Exploration of Communication and Community
(New York, 1986), 273–75; Robert Albion,
The Rise of New York Port
(New York, 1939), 51.
The English Atlantic: An Exploration of Communication and Community
(New York, 1986), 273–75; Robert Albion,
The Rise of New York Port
(New York, 1939), 51.
66. Daniel Vickers,
Farmers and Fishermen
(Chapel Hill, 1994), 263–85; Mark Kurlansky,
Cod
(New York, 1997), 78–102.
Farmers and Fishermen
(Chapel Hill, 1994), 263–85; Mark Kurlansky,
Cod
(New York, 1997), 78–102.
67. See Kevin O’Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson,
Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
68. James Axtell, “The First Consumer Revolution,” in his
Natives and Newcomers
(New York, 2001), 104–20; Robin Fisher, “The Northwest from the Beginning of Trade with Europeans to the 1880s,” in Trigger and Washburn,
Cambridge History of Native Peoples: North America
, pt. 2, 117–82. See also Daniel Richter, “A Quaker Construction of Indianness,”
JER
19 (1999): 601–28.
Natives and Newcomers
(New York, 2001), 104–20; Robin Fisher, “The Northwest from the Beginning of Trade with Europeans to the 1880s,” in Trigger and Washburn,
Cambridge History of Native Peoples: North America
, pt. 2, 117–82. See also Daniel Richter, “A Quaker Construction of Indianness,”
JER
19 (1999): 601–28.
69. Andrew Isenberg,
The Destruction of the Bison
(Cambridge, Eng., 2000); Elliott West,
The Way to the West
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1995), 53–83; Dan Flores, “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy,”
JAH
78 (1991): 465–85.
The Destruction of the Bison
(Cambridge, Eng., 2000); Elliott West,
The Way to the West
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1995), 53–83; Dan Flores, “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy,”
JAH
78 (1991): 465–85.
70. David Wishart,
The Fur Trade of the American West
(Lincoln, Neb., 1979); William Goetzmann,
New Lands, New Men
(New York, 1986), 127–45.
The Fur Trade of the American West
(Lincoln, Neb., 1979); William Goetzmann,
New Lands, New Men
(New York, 1986), 127–45.
71. Howard Lamar,
The Far Southwest
(New York, 1970), 46–55, quotation from 46; David Dary,
The Santa Fe Trail
(New York, 2000), 55–106; Stephen Hyslop,
Bound for Santa Fe
(Norman, Okla., 2002), 47–50.
The Far Southwest
(New York, 1970), 46–55, quotation from 46; David Dary,
The Santa Fe Trail
(New York, 2000), 55–106; Stephen Hyslop,
Bound for Santa Fe
(Norman, Okla., 2002), 47–50.
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