Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations (145 page)

III

79
. Yuri Meltsev reviewing Shane,
Dismantling Utopia,
in
Independent Review
, 1 (1996).
80
. See Emilio Gentile,
Politics as Religion
(Oxford, 2006).
81
. Archie Brown,
The Gorbachev Factor
(Oxford, 1997); idem,
Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective
(Oxford, 2007).
82
. Leonid Batkin, as quoted by Shane,
Dismantling Utopia
, p. 5.
83
. Edward Lucas,
The New Cold War: How the Kremlin Threatens Both Russia and the West
(London, 2007).
84
. Francis Fukuyama, ‘The End of History?’
National Interest
, 16 (1989).
85
. Paul Kennedy, in
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(London, 1988).
86
. Michael Cox,
US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Superpower without a Mission
(London, 1995); Bill Emmott,
Rivals: The Power Struggle between China, India and Japan
(London, 2008); Martin Jacques,
When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World
(London, 2009); Lauren Phillips,
International Politics in 2030: The Transformative Power of Large Developing Countries
(Bonn, 2008).
87
. Lutz Kleveman,
The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia
(London, 2004).
88
. Mart Laar, ‘The Estonian Economic Miracle’, Backgrounder 2060,
The Heritage Foundation
(7 August 2007);
www.heritage.org/isses/worldwidefreedom/bg2060.cfm
.
89
. Andrew Osborn, ‘Putin: Collapse of the Century’,
Independent
(26 April 2005).
90
. Lilia Shevtsova,
Putin’s Russia
(Washington, 2005).
91
. Anna Politovskaya,
Putin’s Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy
(London, 2004); Anders Aslund,
Putin’s Decline and America’s Response
(Washington, 2005); Bertil Nygren,
The Rebuilding of Greater Russia
(London, 2008).

HOW STATES DIE

1
. Aristotle,
Politics
, book I, parts 1–2.
2
.
Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
(1651), part II, ch. xxix ‘Of those things that weaken or tend to the Dissolution of a Commonwealth’.
3
.
J.-J. Rousseau,
Social Contract
(1762), book III, ch. 11, ‘The Death of the Body Politic’, trans. Maurice Cranston (London, 1968).
4
.
Daniel 5: 25–7.
5
.
Revelation 18: 2.
6
.
Augustine,
City of God
, trans. J. Healey (London, 1931).
7
.
T. Gilby,
The Political Thought of Thomas Aquinas
(Chicago, 1958); E. L. Fortin, ‘Thomas Aquinas as a Political Thinker’,
Perspectives of Political Science
, 26/2 (1997), p. 92.
8
.
Edwin Jones,
The English Nation: The Great Myth
(Stroud, 2003).
9
.
W. Cargill Thompson,
The Political Thought of Martin Luther
(Totowa, NJ, 1984).
10
.
See James Joll,
The Anarchists
(London, 1965).
11
.
Karl Marx, in his
Critique of the Gotha Programme
(1875); Friedrich Engels, in the
Anti-D
ü
hring
(1878), as expounded by Lenin, ‘On the Withering of the State and Violent Revolution’, in his
State and Revolution
(1917), ch. 2.
12
.
Lenin, ‘On the Eve of Revolution’, in his
State and Revolution
, ch. 2:
www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch02.htm
(2009).
13
.
John Westlake, ‘On the Extinction of States’, in his
International Law
, Part 1 (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 63–8.
14
.
James Crawford,
The Creation of States in International Law
, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 2006).
15
.
Tanisha Fazal,
State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation and Annexation
(Princeton, 2007).
16
.
‘COW, Project History’,
www.correlatesofwar.org/cowhistory.htm
(2009).
17
.
Fazal,
State Death
, pp. 243–58.
18
.
‘Index of Failed States, 2009’, from the journal
Foreign Policy
www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/2009_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings
(2010).
19
.
Monty Python’s Flying Circus
, ‘Dead Parrot Sketch’,
www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/dead-parrot.htm
(2009).
20
.
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_extinct_states
(2011).
21
.
John Locke, ‘Of the Dissolution of Government’,
Two Treatises on Civil Government
(1690; London, 1960), ch. XIX, pp. 252–3.
22
.
Westlake, ‘On the Extinction of States’, p. 64.
23
.
Ibid., p. 66.
24
.
See Saul Bernard Cohen, ‘Implosion of the Soviet State’, in his
Geopolitics of the World System
(Langham, Md., 2003), pp. 198  ff.; Robert Miller, ‘The Implosion of a Superpower’ (1992),
http://history.eserver.org/gloss/ussr-in-1991.txt
(2010).
25
.
‘The Collapse of Communism: A Re-examination’, British Academy Symposium, 15–16 October 2009.
26
.
Laura Silber and Allan Little,
The Death of Yugoslavia
(London, 1995).
27
.
Mark Cornwall (ed.),
The Last Years of Austria-Hungary
(Exeter, 2002); Oszkar Jaszi,
The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy
(Chicago, 1966).
28
.
Norman Davies,
God’s Playground: A History of Poland
(Oxford, 1981), vol. 1, p. 551.
29
.
J.-J. Rousseau,
Considérations sur le Gouvernement de la Pologne et sa réforme projetée
(London, 1782).
30
.
Fazal,
State Death
.
31
.
Jirˇi Prehe, ‘The Split of Czechoslovakia: A Defeat or a Victory?’,
www.prehe.cz/prednasky/2004
(2009).
32
.
Lord Robert Cecil, quoted by Harry Hanak, ‘The Government, the Foreign Office and Austro-Hungary, 1914–18’,
Slavonic and East European Review
, 47/108 (1969).
33
.
David Marshall Lang,
A Modern History of Georgia
(London, 1962); A. K. Niedermaier (ed.),
Countdown to War in Georgia
(Minneapolis, 2008).
34
.
Beowulf
, prologue, ll. 26–52, trans. Seamus Heaney as ‘The Ship of Death’, from
The Haw Lantern
(London, 1987).
35
.
William Wordsworth, ‘On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic’ (1802).

Acknowledgements

Research on this book began in April 2006, when I set off with my wife Maria for the Firth of Clyde on the first of successive expeditions to explore the site of a vanished kingdom. For the next five years we shared the ardours and pleasures of an enterprise in which I was the pen-pusher cum designer and she the undisputed
chef des idées
and manager of life-support systems. Once again, Roger Moorhouse provided sterling assistance as picture-researcher, map-drawer and adviser in matters German. Katarzyna Pisarska has served throughout as my virtual PA, skimming over all obstacles whether in Harvard, Uzbekistan or Nepal. I acknowledge my debt to several institutions, including the Fundacja Nauki Polski and Carta Blanca S.A. in Warsaw, the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Clare Hall and Peterhouse, Cambridge, and St Antony’s College, Oxford; and I wish to express my special gratitude to numerous individual contributors. Almost every chapter has been read and improved by consultants of the highest calibre, whose comments calmed doubts and fears while leaving ultimate responsibility with the author. The long list of names is headed by that of my late friend and colleague Rees Davies, who was in at the start and who was followed by Jorg Hensgen, Peter Heather, James Campbell, Conrad Leyser, David Abulafia, Robert Frost, Robert Evans, Philip Mansel, Noel Malcolm, Roy Foster, Geoffrey Hosking, Margus Laidre and Chris Clark, who proved particularly generous. Additional advice was kindly supplied by Alexandra Loewe, Alba and Andrea Skidmore, and Thomas Charles-Edwards. The digitalized text was beautifully produced from a large manuscript by Gosia Figwer, Malgorzata Ciszewska and the late Miranda Long, ably supplemented by Heather and Sebastian Godwin and Hazel Dunn. Professional editorial work was undertaken by David Milner, Charlotte Ridings and Elizabeth Stratford. The project was launched by Will Sulkin, who gave valuable early support, but came to fruition through the combined efforts of my irreplaceable agent, David Godwin, and of my literary adviser, fellow Boltonian and publishing director of Allen Lane, the indefatigable Stuart Proffitt.

Illustrations

TOLOSA

1
. The funeral of Alaric the Visigoth, ‘Ruler of All’, AD 410, in the bed of the Busento, Calabria.

2
. ‘The history of France began at Vouillé.’ AD 507: Clovis the Frank slays Alaric III, King of the Visigoths.

ALT CLUD