The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (156 page)

38.
Robert Barnwell Roosevelt,
Florida and the Game Water-Birds of the Atlantic Coast and the Lakes of the United States
(New York: Orange Judd, 1884), p. 10.

39.
Zeiller,
Introducing the Manatee,
p. 98; and “Along the Florida Reef,”
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
(1876).

40.
Marston Bates,
The Forest and the Sea
(New York: Knopf, 1960), p. 31.

41.
Carl Safina,
Voyage of the Turtle: In Pursuit of the Earth’s Last Dinosaur
(New York: Holt, 2006), p. 61.

42.
Kathryn Hall Proby,
Audubon in Florida
(Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1974), p. 75.

43.
“Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent Annual Narrative Report (fiscal year 2004)” and “Park Vision” (Archives) 2007 Timeline, Dry Tortugas, Fla.

44.
Rachel Carson,
The Edge of the Sea
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), p. 204.

45.
Mark H. Lytle,
The Gentle Subversive
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 79.

46.
Job,
Wild Wings,
p. 87.

47.
Alexander Sprunt, Jr., “The Tern Colonies of the Dry Tortugas Keys,”
Auk
, Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1948), pp. 5–6.

48.
James W. Porter and Karen G. Porter,
The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys
(Boca Raton: CRC, 2002), pp. 829–830. See also Florida Department of Environmental Protection Report (2007).

49.
Elizabeth Weise, “Scientists: Global Warming Could Kill Off Reefs by 2050,”
USA Today
(December 13, 2007), p. A1.

50.
Bird-Lore,
October 1, 1907, Vol. IX, No. 5.

51.
Pine Island Files, Mission Statements, Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge, Sanibel, Fla. Today Pine Island is part of the J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex, named after a famous political cartoonist who had a penchant for conservation.

52.
Dr. William Wilbanks,
Forgotten Heroes: Police Officers Killed in Early Florida, 1840–1925
(Paducah, Ky.: Turner, 1998), p. 98.

53.
Michael Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,”
Florida Monthly
(April 2005), pp. 26–27.

54.
B. S. Bowdish, “Ornithological Miscellany from Audubon Wardens,”
Auk,
Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 9, 1909).

55.
Columbus McLeod, “White Pelicans,”
Auk,
Vol. 26 (January 1909).

56.
“Public Opinion,” E.W.S., “Save the Birds,”
Outlook
(February 27, 1909).

57.
Frank M. Chapman, “A Case in Point,”
Bird-Lore,
Vol. 18 (1916).

58.
Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,” p. 26.

59.
Lindsey Williams, “Audubon Warden McLeod Murdered for Feathers on Ladies Hats,”
Charlotte Sun Herald
, April 26, 1992 and Joe Crankshaw, “Warden’s Valor Saved Egrets From Extinction,”
Miami Herald Tropic Magazine
, June 8, 1992.

60.
St. Augustine Record
, quoted in Lindsey Williams and U. S. Cleveland,
Our Fascinating Past
(Punta Gorda, Fla.: Charlotte Harbor Area Historical Society, 1993), p. 211.

61.
E.W.S., “Save the Birds,”
Outlook
(February 27, 1909).

62.
Raymond Ditmars,
The Reptile Book
(New York: Doubleday Page, 1908).

63.
L. N. Wood,
Raymond L. Ditmars: His Exciting Career with Reptiles, Animals, and Insects
(New York: Julian Messner, 1944), p. 132.

64.
T.R. quoted in
University of State of New York Bulletin
(March 1, 1914), pp. 39–44.

65.
T.R. to Raymond Ditmars ([n.d.] 1907).

66.
Ibid. This letter is quoted in Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. 143.

67.
T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,”
American Museum Journal,
Vol. 17, No. 5 (May 1917).

68.
Don Arp, Jr., “Hunting the Dragons: TR and the World’s Crocodilians,”
Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal,
Vol. 24, No. 4 (2001), pp. 5–9.

69.
John Mortimer Murphy, “Alligator Shooting in Florida,”
Outing Magazine
(1899).

70.
T.R.,
Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter
(New York: Macmillan, 1902), pp. 362–363.

71.
Joseph Bucklin Bishop (ed.),
Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children
(New York: Scribner, 1914), p. 184.

72.
T.R.,
African Game Trails
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), p. 341.

73.
Michael Grunwald,
The Swamp
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 128.

74.
“Dr. John C. Gifford, Forestry Authority,”
New York Times
(June 27, 1949), p. 27.

75.
Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
The United States of America
(New York: Appleton, 1894), p. 278.

76.
“John Clayton Gifford,” in
Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida’s Natural History, 1884–1934,
Everglades Archival Library and Museum, Fla.

77.
Bureau of Reclamation,
Reclamation Project Data
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1948).

78.
I. F. Eldredge, “Fire Problem on the Florida Native Forest,”
Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters
(Washington, D.C.: Judd and Detweiller, 1911), pp. 166—168.

79.
Thomas Barbour,
The Vanishing Eden: A Naturalist’s Florida
(Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1944).

80.
T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,”
American Museum Journal
, Vol. 17 (1917).

81.
Oliver P. Pearson, “The Metabolism of Hummingbirds,”
The Condor,
Vol. 52, No. 4 (July–August, 1950), pp. 145–152.

82.
“U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History,” Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge Archive, Sanibel, Fla. (April 9, 2009).

83.
On October 23, 1970, President Richard Nixon, recognizing how exceptional the islands were, declared the refuge a Wilderness Area. Thus no tourists are allowed to visit them.

84.
“U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History.”

85.
Mark V. Barrow, Jr.,
A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 142.

86.
William Dutcher to William Moody (July 2, 1903), in
Auk
, Vol. 21 (January 1904).

87.
Herbert K. Job, Report to William Dutcher (1904).

88.
Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach,
A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up
(New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), p. 64.

89.
For Darling’s childhood experiences I consulted the Darling Papers, Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

90.
David L. Lendt,
Ding: The Life of Jay Norwood Darling
(Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), pp. 3–17.

91.
Joseph P. Dudley, “Jay Norwood ‘Ding’ Darling: A Retrospect,”
Conservation Biology
, Vol. 7, No. 1 (March 1993), pp. 200–203. (This article includes two of Darling’s cartoons.)

92.
Lendt,
Ding
, p. 21.

93.
Worth Mathewson,
William L. Finley: Pioneer Wildlife Photographer
(Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), p. 9.

94.
Eric Jay Dolan and Bob Pumaine,
The Duck Stamp Story
(privately published), pp. 34–77.

95.
Ding Darling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Files. Sanibel, Florida U.S. Fish and Wild-life, December 18, 2008.

96.
Ibid.

97.
“Ding Darling National Wildlife Center,”
Duck Report,
No. 32 (2008).

98.
Author interview with Ding Darling’s grandson, Christopher D. Koss, Key Biscayne, Fla. (November 4, 2007).

99.
Elting Morison, “Introduction,”
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Big Stick: 1905–1907,
Vol. V (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. xiv.

100.
Wendell Berry, “The Peace of Wild Things,” in
Collected Poems: 1957–1982
(San Francisco: North Point, 1985). Also see Rodger Shlickeisen, “Finding Solace with the Wood Drake,”
Fish and Wildlife News
(Spring 2008), p. 45.

101.
Mathewson,
William L. Finley,
p. 57.

102.
“Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges,” Mission Statement, Klamath Basin National Wildlife Reservation Archive, Tulelake, Calif.

103.
William L. Finley,
American Birds
(New York: Scribner, 1907).

104.
Mathewson,
William L. Finley
, pp. 57–84.

105.
William L. Finley, “Among the Pelicans,”
The Condor
, Vol. 9, No. 2 (March–April 1907); William L. Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon,”
The Condor
, Vol. 9, No. 4 (July–August 1907). William L. Finley, “Among the Gulls on Klamath Lake,”
The Condor
, Vol. 9, No. 1 (January–February 1907).

106.
Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon.”

107.
William Kittredge,
Balancing Water: Restoring the Klamath Basin
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 76–79.

108.
Finley, “Among the Pelicans,” p. 40.

109.
Mathewson,
William L. Finley
, p. 9.

110.
Finley quoted in
National Geographic
(August 1923).

111.
“Oregon Governor Oswald West,” National Governors Association, Biography File, Washington, D.C.

112.
T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,”
Outlook,
Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).

113.
Ibid.

114.
“Rogue Goes to the Birds,”
Rogue Wire Service Report
(March 28, 2008).

115.
Butcher,
America’s National Wildlife Refuges
, pp. 531–532.

25: T
HE
P
RESERVATIONIST
R
EVOLUTION OF
1908

1.
Donald Worster,
A Passion for Nature
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 421.

2.
Terry Gifford,
Reconnecting with John Muir: Essays in Post-Pastoral Practice
(Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2006) p. 42.

3.
Roderick Nash,
Wilderness and the American Mind
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 172–173.

4.
William Kent to John Muir (January 16–17, 1908).
John Muir Papers
(Microfilm Edition of Ronald H. Limbaugh and Kristen E. Lewis (eds.),
John Muir Papers,
Reel 17, Frame 9495–9500).

5.
Galen Clark, “The Big Trees of California” (1907), Yosemite National Park Archive, Calif.

6.
John Muir to William Kent (January 14, 1908).
John Muir Papers
, (Reel 17, Frame 9487).

7.
T.R. to William Kent (January 22, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive, Mill Valley, California.

8.
William Kent to T.R. (January 30, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive.

9.
T.R. to Douglas Robinson (January 10, 1908).

10.
Sandburg quoted in Stephen J. Pyne,
How the Canyon Became Grand
(New York: Viking, 1998), p. 159.

11.
Pyne, p. 158.

12.
Robert H. Webb,
Grand Canyon: A Century of Change—Rephotography of the 1889–1890 Stanton Expedition
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996), p. 208.

13.
Hal Rothman,
Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), pp. 16–18.

14.
Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,”
CRM Bulletin,
Vol. 22, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.

15.
Pyne,
How the Canyon Became Grand,
p. 111.

16.
T.R.,
A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open
(New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 96–97.

17.
William M. Gibson,
Theodore Roosevelt among the Humorists.
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), p. 34.

18.
Webb,
Grand Canyon: A Century of Change
, p. 208.

19.
Ibid.

20.
T.R.,
A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open
, p. 28.

21.
Address by Robert Glenn to the National Conference of Governors (May 13–15, 1908), published in
Proceedings of a Conference of Governors
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 121.

22
. Patricia O’Toole,
When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 228.