The Wild Frontier (60 page)

8.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 140.

9.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 184.

10.
Ibid., 184-85.

11.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 3.

12.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 58-59.

13.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 187.

14.
Quoted in Robinson,
The Men Who Wear the Star
, 47.

15.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 185.

16.
Ibid., 190.

17.
Ibid., 190.

18.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 204.

19.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 190.

20.
Ibid., 190.

21.
Axelrod, 190-91.

22.
Ibid., 190-91.

23.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 203.

24.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 193.

25.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 39.

26.
Quoted in Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 60.

27.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 186.

28.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 60.

29.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 46.

30.
Ibid., 51.

31.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 315.

32.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 51-52.

33.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 117; Mary Boueau had been captured in the Santee Sioux Massacre and told her story to Fanny Kelly.

34.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 314.

35.
Brandon,
Indians
, 341. Debo, in
A History of the Indians
, p. 187, stated that 500 dead was a conservative estimate. Schultz, in
Month of the Freezing Moon
, p. 60, estimated close to 600. Utley and Washburn, in
Indian Wars
, p. 203, said, “Fully 800.”

36.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 194.

37.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 203.

38.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 64.

39.
It should be added that this was an accepted practice in the medical community at the time.

40.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 27.

41.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 193-94.

42.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 104-5.

43.
Ibid., 134-35.

44.
Ibid., 144.

45.
Ibid., 165.

46.
Bret Harte in Commager,
The West
, 235.

47.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 145; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 189.

48.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 90.

49.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 18.

50.
Ibid., 44.

51.
Goodrich, 44-45.

52.
Ibid., 113-14.

53.
Quoted in Goodrich, 66.

54.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 48-53.

55.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 217-18.

56.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 13-15.

57.
Ibid., 13-16; Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 79-80. The series of incidents leading to 33 deaths is described in
Chapter 3
as a classic example of escalation.

58.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 17-19.

59.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 115.

60.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 61-63.

61.
Ibid.,
65-66.

62.
Waldman,
Who Was Who, 66-61.

63.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 74-75.

64.
Waldman,
Who Was Who, 29.

65.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon, 15-16.

66.
Quoted in Schultz, 77.

67.
Schultz, 77.

68.
Quoted in Schultz, 79-80.

69.
Schultz, 80-82.

70.
Ibid., 85.

71.
Ibid., 85-90.

72.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 291.

73.
Quoted in West, 291.

74.
Ibid., 294.

75.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 98-104.

76.
Quoted in Schultz, 104-7.

77.
Schultz, 109-10.

78.
Quoted in Schultz, 113.

79.
Schultz, 113-14.

80.
Quoted in Schultz, 115.

81.
Schultz, 115-16.

82.
Ibid., 149.

83.
Ibid., 116-17.

84.
Quoted in West,
The Contested Plains, 299.

85.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 117-19.

86.
Quoted in Schultz, 126.

87.
Ibid., 126.

88.
Schultz, 127-30.

89.
Quoted in Schultz, 130-32.

90.
Schultz, 132.

91.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 29; Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep, 215.

92.
Quoted in Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 133.

93.
Schultz, 134.

94.
Quoted in West,
The Contested Plains
, 304.

95.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 134-35.

96.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 380.

97.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 135-37.

98.
Ibid., 133-38.

99.
Ibid., 137-39.

100.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 4.

101.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 139; Josephy, in
Indian Heritage
, p. 337, said that almost 300 Indians were massacred. Other estimates go down to 60 or 70 in the first congressional report.

102.
Quoted in Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 39.

103.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 274.

104.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 305.

105.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 109.

106.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 139. Chivington claimed his troops killed Black Kettle there, but he survived for 4 more years. Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 109.

107.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 110.

108.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 305.

109.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 73-74 for Chivington and 62-63 for Evans.

110.
Quoted in Schultz, 5.

111.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 197.

112.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 155.

113.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 196; Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 275. West, in
The Contested Plains
, disagreed. West thought the dead totaled fewer than 50. West, 307.

114.
Quoted in Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 148-50.

115.
Ibid., 165.

116.
Ibid., 157-66.

117.
Schultz, 184.

118.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 103; Andrist,
Long Death
, 94; Commager,
The West
, 236; Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 198.

119.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 166.

120.
Ibid., 174.

121.
Ibid., 165.

122.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 121.

123.
Quoted in Andrist,
Long Death, 96.

124.
Brandon,
Indians
, 377.

125.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 12.

126.
Ibid., 13.

127.
Ibid., 14.

128.
Heard,
White into Red
, 100, 107.

129.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 20.

130.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 58.

131.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 29-30.

132.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 20.

133.
Ibid., 21; Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 110.

134.
Robinson, 41.

135.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 62-64.

136.
Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 119.

137.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 293-94.

138.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 148.

139.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 44.

140.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 202; Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 69fn.

141.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 199-201.

142.
Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 93.

143.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 203-4.

144.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 160.

145.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 147-48.

146.
Ibid., 190.

147.
Goodrich, 128.

148.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 170.

149.
Waldman,
Who Was Who.
372.

150.
Ibid., 372.

151.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 249-52.

152.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 221.

153.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 173-78.

154.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 33; Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 216.

155.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 48.

156.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 248. Although Kelly had not witnessed these things, Generals Sheridan and Custer gave substantially the same report. However, in
Satanta: The Life and Death of a War Chief
(1997), Charles M. Robinson III expressed doubts that these events occurred.

157.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 347.

158.
Quoted in West,
The Contested Plains
, 373-74.

159.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 217.

160.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 333.

161.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 139-43.

162.
Brandon,
Indians
, 299.

163.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 208; Spicer,
The American Indians
, 69.

164.
Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 217-18.

165.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 138-39.

166.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 212-13, 235-36.

167.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 54.

168.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 253-54.

169.
Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 117, 122, 124, 186, 191.

170.
Quoted in Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 160.

171.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 221.

172.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 189.

173.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 231; Andrist, 189; Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 230.

174.
Brady,
Indian Eights and Fighters
, 318.

175.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 300.

176.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 172.

177.
Quoted in Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 272-73.

178.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 157.

179.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 197.

180.
Ibid., 216.

181.
Ibid., 216.

182.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 227.

183.
Ibid., 229.

184.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 216.

185.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 85-87.

186.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 149, 152.

187.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 157.

188.
Ibid., 157.

189.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 260.

190.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 91-92.

191.
Quoted in
Journal of the Indian Wars
, (1999) (1), 7.

192.
Ibid., 7.

193.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 172.

194.
Ibid., 195.

195.
Ibid., 197.

196.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 260.

197.
Ibid., 260-61.

198.
Ibid., 260.

199.
Ibid., 261.