The Wild Frontier (57 page)

2.
Ibid., 29-30.

3.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 332.

4.
Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 30-31.

5.
Ibid., 34.

6.
Waldman,
Who Was Who, 256.

7.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 15.

8.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 60.

9.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 16.

10.
Steele, Ian K.,
Warpaths: Invasions of North America
(1994), 46.

11.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 16.

12.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn, 17.

13.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 11.

14.
Ibid., 11.

15.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 17.

16.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 256. Wilson, in
The Earth Shall Weep
, p. 67, argued that “the Powhatans were not really savage.” The 847 settlers killed in these 2 attacks might have disagreed.

17.
Waldman, 257.

18.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 57. Jogues later tried to establish a mission to the Mohawk, but was killed while trying to do so. Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 169.

19.
Axelrod, 38.

20.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 36.

21.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn, 39; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 18.

22.
Axelrod, 19.

23.
Brandon,
Indians
, 173; Waldman,
Atlas
, 90-91.

24.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 22.

25.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 99-101.

26.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 41-42.

27.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 214.

28.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 39.

29.
Quoted in Axelrod, 39-40.

30.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 184.

31.
Brandon,
Indians
, 168.

32.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 46.

33.
Ibid., 43.

34.
Ibid., 43-44; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 42.

35.
Axelrod, 40; Waldman,
Atlas
, 96.

36.
Axelrod, 40; Waldman, 96.

37.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 246.

38.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 49.

39.
Quoted in Debo, 49.

40.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 35-36.

41.
Brandon,
Indians
, 176.

42.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 93; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 270-72.

43.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 272.

44.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 197. However, “captive women were seldom in danger of rape. Among most Indian groups, forcible rape was seen as deviant and unacceptable behavior, and in any case, Indian men often professed a disdain for white women, whom they claimed to find unattractive.” Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 57.

45.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 39.

46.
Ibid., 43.

47.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 27.

48.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 144.

49.
Ibid., 186.

50.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 15-16, 375.

51.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 37.

52.
Ibid., 37.

53.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 91fn.

54.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 174.

55.
Quoted in Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 82.

56.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 174.

57.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 179.

58.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 27.

59.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 186.

60.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 95-96.

61.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 17.

62.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 54.

63.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 67.

64.
Ibid., 48.

65.
Ibid., 73; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 67.

66.
Brandon,
Indians
, 201.

67.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 76.

68.
Brandon,
Indians
, 201-2.

69.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 373. Sergeant Moses Van Campen claimed bounties for scalps he took before the bounty was in effect. He
scalped the Indians who captured him and retrieved the scalps of his father and brother that they had taken. He and 2 fellow prisoners, Pike and Pence, killed 9 of the 10 Indians who had captured them. When the action was at its most desperate and it appeared he would be killed by the Indians, Van Campen looked and saw that Pike was trying to pray and doing nothing else and that Pence was swearing at Pike for not helping. It is not known whether Van Campen got any money for his scalps.

70.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1151.

71.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 71. Brandon, in
Indians
, p. 201, said they were adopted by most of the colonies.

72.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 47-48.

73.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 162.

74.
This happened in 1847 when Mexico offered bounties for Apache scalps. Mexicans, Americans, runaway slaves, and Indians brought in scalps from other Indians, then even Mexican scalps. Special examination committees were set up to authenticate Apache scalps, to no avail. Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 161-62.

75.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 232.

76.
Ibid., 232.

77.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
28-29.

78.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 160.

79.
Quoted in Schultz, 160.

80.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 28.

81.
Quoted in Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 32.

82.
Ibid., 32.

83.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 31.

84.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts
, 6.

85.
“The first American ‘best seller’ was published in Boston in 1682 [and was]
The Sovereignty & Goodness of God
… A
Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.
” Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 30.

86.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 307.

87.
Ibid., 307.

88.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts
, 65.

89.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 46-50.

90.
Ibid., 35.

91.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 63; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 53.

92.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 205.

93.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 125.

94.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 63-64.

95.
Brandon,
Indians, 257.

96.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 125-26.

97.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 3.

98.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 54.

99.
Ibid., 54.

100.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 108.

101.
Ibid., 161.

102.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 152-53.

103.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 74.

104.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 152-54.

105.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 69; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 108.

106.
Utley and Washburn, 71-72.

107.
Brandon,
Indians
, 217; Waldman,
Atlas
, 104; Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 72; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 59; Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 136.

108.
Nash, 137; Waldman,
Atlas
, 104.

109.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 216-19.

110.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 111.

111.
Quoted in Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 33.

112.
Goodwin, Grenville,
Western Apache Raiding and Warfare
(1971), 284-86.

113.
Loudon, Archibald,
A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives
, vol. 1 (1808), 81-82.

114.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 29-30.

115.
Brandon,
Indians
, 203.

116.
Waldman,
Atlas, 215.

117.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 2, 179.

118.
Ibid., 17-46.

119.
Ibid., 181-84.

120.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 133; Boyd, Thomas Alexander,
Simon Girty: The White Savage
(1928), 33-34.

121.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 133.

122.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 83-84.

123.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars, 79.

124.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 83-84.

125.
Quoted in Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 62-72.

126.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 113.

127.
Ibid., 111-18.

128.
Ibid., vol. 2, 47-64.

129.
Ibid., 195-98.

130.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 85-86.

131.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 199.

132.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 93.

133.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 279-80.

134.
Ibid., 279-80.

135.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 106-8; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 99.

136.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 279-80.

137.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 89.

138.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 57-60.

139.
Ibid., 210-12.

140.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 90-91.

141.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 85-86.

142.
Ibid., 84.

143.
Ibid., 74.

144.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 92; Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 97.

145.
Tebbel and Jennison, 92.

146.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 108; Tebbel and Jennison, 92.

147.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 25.

148.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 98; Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 99.

149.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars, 96.

150.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 108-9; Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 99-100.

151.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 2, 172-77.

152.
Quoted in Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars, 96.

153.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 203.

154.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 280.

155.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 102.