Read The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England Online
Authors: Ian Mortimer
Tags: #History, #Europe, #Great Britain, #Renaissance, #Ireland
64
. Mortimer,
D&D
, pp. 62–3.
65
.
Morbus Gallicus
, f. 8r.
66
. For example, Emmison,
HWL
, p. 138, wrote: ‘to most Elizabethans living outside the big cities neither doctor nor hospital is normally available …’ See Mortimer, ‘Marketplace’, pp. 69–87.
67
. Pelling, ‘Practitioners’; Mortimer,
D&D
, pp. 37, 106, 213. The population figure of 5,000 for Canterbury, used in chapter 1 of this book, has been used rather than the estimate of six to seven thousand in
D&D
. The figure for people in
towns seeking medical help when dying in 1570–99 is 7.3 per cent; those living more than a mile from town paid for medical help in 4.2 per cent of cases.
68
. Mortimer,
D&D
, pp. 43, 61–3; Mortimer, ‘Licensing’. Exeter had only eight freemen apothecaries in the reign, and Devon and Cornwall between them had only thirty-eight licensed physicians and surgeons in 1568–97, and a handful of university-trained physicians. In both counties there were probably no more than sixty apothecaries, fifty licentiates, twenty degree-holders and an unknown number of itinerant physicians. The last-named are likely to have outnumbered all the former, as there was a tradition of not applying for a licence unless one had to, and then only later in one’s career.
69
. Lane,
John Hall
, pp. 138–42.
70
. Lane,
John Hall
, pp. 40–1. For Plat, see Malcolm Thick,
Sir Hugh Plat: the search for useful knowledge in early modern London
(Totnes, 2010), reviewed by Bee Wilson in
TLS
(22 December 2010).
71
. Thomas Gale,
Certaine Workes of Chirurgerie
(1563), f. 54r–v.
11. Law and Disorder
1
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 227–9, 253, 255, 261, 272, 275, 281.
2
. Holmes,
London
, pp. 55–6.
3
. Black,
Reign
, pp. 211–12.
4
. Black,
Reign
, p. 209n.
5
. Pollitt, ‘Story’, pp. 131–56.
6
. Black,
Reign
, p. 143.
7
. Philip Sugden, ‘Ratsey, Gamaliel (d. 1605), highwayman’, in
ODNB
.
8
. These are all from Judges,
Underworld
.
9
. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, p. 39.
10
. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, p. 40.
11
. Weiner, ‘Sex Roles’, pp. 47–8.
12
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 106.
13
. Samaha, ‘Hanging’, p. 763.
14
. The selling of the girl is in Machyn,
Diary
, p. 228.
15
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 174.
16
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 251–2.
17
. Holmes,
London
, p. 95, quoting Stow.
18
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 281. See Harrison,
Description
(chapter 17) for the three tides.
19
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 319. Those ‘at large’ have been excluded from this calculation, so the sample is 843 cases.
20
. Pollitt, ‘Story’, p. 152.
21
. Note ‘drawing’ does not relate to the removal of the entrails. This is clearly noted in chapter 17 of Harrison,
Description
, and a number of other sixteenth-century and earlier sources, including Machyn,
Diary
, p. 63. See Ian Mortimer, ‘Why do we say “hanged, drawn and quartered”?’ (
http://www.ianmortimer.com/essays/drawing.pdf
).
22
. Emmison,
Disorder
, pp. 40–1.
23
. Quoted in Picard,
London
, p. 251. William Harrison emphasises that women who poison their husbands deserve to be punished in this way, although he believes that mass poisoning should still be punished by boiling to death.
24
. For an example of a labourer suffering in this way, see Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 149.
25
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 279.
26
. Beier, ‘Social Problems’, p. 221.
27
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 246.
28
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 252.
29
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 231; Emmison,
Morals
, p. 31.
30
. Machyn,
Diary
,
p. 272.
31
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 257.
32
. Griffiths, ‘Bridewell’, pp. 285, 290.
33
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 302.
34
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 255.
35
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 273.
36
. For example, Machyn,
Diary
, p. 248.
37
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 178 (Queen Mary dead), 196 (slander), 261 (conjuring), 251, 275 and 277 (all counterfeiting), 304 (meat).
38
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 311.
39
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 235. Another example appears on p. 236.
40
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 196–7.
41
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 255, 304 (eating meat).
42
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 257.
43
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 31.
44
. Thomas,
RDM
, p. 528.
45
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 235.
46
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 220, 223, 238.
47
. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 239, 309.
48
. Samaha, ‘Hanging’, p. 763.
49
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 153.
50
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 155.
51
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 157.
52
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 282.
53
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 300.
54
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 304.
55
. Alan Macfarlane,
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England:
A
regional and comparative study
(1970), p. 98.
56
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 79.
57
. Hughes, ‘Godly’, pp. 103, 105.
58
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 118.
59
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 59.
60
. Weiner, ‘Sex roles’, p. 46.
61
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 71.
62
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 26.
63
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 45.
64
. Emmison,
Morals
, p. 13.
12. Entertainment
1
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 226; Holmes,
London
, p. 57.
2
. Platter,
Travels
, pp. 163–5.
3
. Platter,
Travels
, pp. 171–3.
4
. Holmes,
London
, p. 57, quoting Stow (giant and dwarf); Hollyband,
Campo di Fior
, p. 19 (sword swallower); Platter,
Travels
, 173 (camel).
5
. Black,
Reign
, p. 6; Doran,
Exhibition
, p. 244; Frances A. Yates, ‘Elizabethan Chivalry: The Romance of the Accession Day Tilts’,
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
, 20 (1957), pp. 4–25.
6
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 189.
7
. Emmison,
Morals
, pp. 22–3.
8
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 26.
9
. Charlton, ‘Tobacco’, p. 103; Black,
Reign
, p. 274.
10
. Picard,
London
, p. 229, quoting Dekker,
The Honest Whore
, Act 2, Scene 1.
11
. Charlton, ‘Tobacco’, p. 109.
12
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 171.
13
. Rowse,
Cornwall
, pp. 426–33.
14
. 33 Henry VIII, cap. 9.
15
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 238.
16
.
Port & Trade
.
17
. Judges,
Underworld
, p. 129;
Eliz. Home
, p. 110 (Trumps).
18
. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, pp. 292–301.
19
. Salgado,
Underworld
, p. 22; Judges,
Underworld
, pp. 27, 41.
20
. William Bray, ‘Account of the Lottery of 1567, being the first upon Record’,
Archaeologia
, 19 (1821), pp. 79–87.
21
. Carew,
Survey
, f. 72v, mentions these four battles.
22
. Gunn, ‘Archery’, p. 78.
23
. Gunn, ‘Archery’, pp. 53–81.
24
. Emmison,
HWL
, pp. 240–1.
25
. Scott,
EOaW
, p. 111.
26
. W. G. Faulkener (comp.),
Hawking, Hunting, Fouling and Fishing
(1596), n.p.
27
.
Eliz. Home
, pp. 106–7.
28
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 390.
29
. Carew,
Survey
, ff. 75b–76a.
30
. Holmes,
London
,
p. 50.
31
. Sim,
Pleasure
, p. 184, quoting Elyot,
The booke named the Governor
, p. 92.
32
. Stubbes,
Anatomy
, pp. 138–9.
33
. Gunn, ‘Archery’, p. 65.
34
. Emmison,
Disorder
, pp. 225–6.
35
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 463.
36
. Carew,
Survey
, ff. 73v–75v.
37
. Platter,
Travels
, pp. 167–8.
38
. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, p. 297.
39
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 428.
40
. Platter,
Travels
, pp. 168–9. The tense has been changed from the past to the present.
41
. Scott,
EOaW
, quoting Robert Laneham’s letter.
42
. Information kindly supplied by Dr Steven Gunn of Merton College, Oxford.
43
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 431; Black,
Reign
, p. 354.
44
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 239.
45
. Dawson, ‘Bull-Baiting’, pp. 97–101.
46
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 22.
47
.
Sh. Eng
., ii, p. 21.
48
. Sim,
Pleasure
, p. 127.
49
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 169.
50
. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, p. 296.
51
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 191.
52
. Sim,
Pleasures
, p. 117.
53
. Stubbes,
Anatomy
, pp. 114, 124.
54
. Rowse,
Cornwall
, pp. 428–9.
55
. Carew,
Survey
, f. 71v.
56
. Ringler, ‘Attack’, pp. 391–418.
57
. Ringler, ‘Attack’, p. 410.
58
. Shapiro, 1599, p. 10.
59
. Hughes, ‘Godly’, p. 103;
ODNB
.
Envoi
1
.
Eliz. Home
, p. 105.
Abbreviations used in the Notes
Airs, | Malcolm Airs, |
Arkell, | Tom Arkell, Nesta Evans and Nigel Goose (eds), |
Arnold, | Jane Arnold, |
Bearman, | Robert Bearman (ed.), |
Beer, | Barrett L. Beer, |
Before the Mast | Julie Gardiner and Michael J. Allen (eds), |
Beier, ‘Social Problems’ | A. L. Beier, ‘Social Problems in Elizabethan London’, |
Beier, ‘Vagrants’ | A. L. Beier, ‘Vagrants and the Social Order in Elizabethan England’, |
BL | British Library, London |
Black, | J. B. Black, The |
Boorde, | Andrew Boorde, |
Boorde, | Andrew Boorde, |
BRO | Berkshire Record Office, Reading |
Bullein, | William Bullein, |
CAHEW | Peter J. Bowden (ed.), |
Carew, | John Chynoweth, Nicholas Orme and Alexandra Walsham (eds), |
Charlton, ‘Tobacco’ | Ann Charlton, ‘Tobacco or health 1602: An Elizabethan doctor speaks’, |
CKS | Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone |
Clark, ‘Migrant’ | Peter Clark, ‘The migrant in Kentish towns 1580–1640’, in |
Cookrye | A. W., A |
Creighton, | Charles Creighton, A |
Cressy, | David Cressy, |
Crisis | Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds), |
CSPV | Rawdon Brown and G. Cavendish Bentinck (eds), |
CUH | Peter Clark (ed.), |
Cunnington, | C. Willett and Phillis Cunnington, |
Dawson, ‘Bull-baiting’ | Giles E. Dawson, ‘London’s Bull-Baiting and Bear-Baiting arena in 1562’, |
Dawson, | Thomas Dawson, |
Dawson, | Thomas Dawson (intro. Maggie Black), |
Dawson, | Mark Dawson, |
DEEH | H. E. S. Fisher and A. R. J. Juřica (eds), |
Dobson, | Mary Dobson, |
Doran, | Susan Doran (ed.), |
Drummond, | J. C. Drummond, Anne Wilbraham and Dorothy Hollingsworth, |
Duffy, | Eamon Duffy, |
Dyer, ‘Crisis’ | Alan Dyer, ‘Crisis and Resolution: Government and Society 1540–1640’, in Bearman, |
EHR | The English Historical Review |
Eliz. Home | M. St Clare Byrne (ed.), |
Eliz. People | Joel Hurstfield and Alan G. R. Smith (eds), |
Emmison, | F. G. Emmison, |
Emmison, | F. G. Emmison, |
Emmison, | F. G. Emmison, |
Furnivall, | F. J. Furnivall, |
Gerard, | John Gerard (trans. Philip Caraman), |
Gerard, | John Gerard, |
Girouard, | Mark Girouard, |
Girouard, | Mark Girouard, |
Griffiths, ‘Bridewell’ | Paul Griffiths, ‘Contesting Bridewell 1576–1580’, |
Gunn, ‘Archery’ | Steven Gunn, ‘Archery practice in Tudor England’, |
Harding, ‘London’ | Vanessa Harding, ‘The population of London, 1550–1700: A review of the published evidence’, in |
Harington, | Sir John Harington, |
Harrison, | William Harrison, ‘Description of England’, in Ralph Holinshed, |
Havinden, | M. A. Havinden (ed.), |
Herridge, | D. M. Herridge (ed.), |
Hill, | Christopher Hill, |
Hodgen, ‘Fairs’ | Margaret T. Hodgen, ‘Fairs of Elizabethan England’, |
Hollyband, | Claudius Hollyband, |
Holmes, | Martin Holmes, |
Horman, | William Horman, |
Hoskins, ‘Rebuilding’ | W. G. Hoskins, ‘The Rebuilding of Rural England 1570–1640’, |
Hoskins, ‘Towns’ | W. G. Hoskins, ‘English provincial towns in the sixteenth century’, |
Hoskins, | W. G. Hoskins, |
Hoskins, | W. G. Hoskins, |
Howard, ‘Women’ | Jean E. Howard, ‘Women, Foreigners and Urban Space in |
Hughes, ‘Godly’ | Ann Hughes, ‘Building a Godly Town’, in Bearman, |
Jenner, ‘Smell’ | Mark S. R. Jenner, ‘Follow your nose? Smell, Smelling and their Histories’, |
Jones, | Jeanne Jones, |
Joyce, | Herbert Joyce, |
Judges, | A. V. Judges, |
Kocher, ‘Atheist’ | Paul H. Kocher, ‘The Physician as atheist in Elizabethan England’, |
Kocher, ‘Cosmos’ | Paul H. Kocher, ‘The Old Cosmos: A Study in Elizabethan Science and Religion’, |
Lane, | Joan Lane, |
Laslett, | Peter Laslett, |
Laughton, | John Knox Laughton (ed.), |
Lee, ‘Bearbaiting’ | Sidney Lee, ‘Bearbaiting, bullbaiting and cockfighting’, in |
Leland, | Lucy Toumin Smith (ed.), |
Machyn, | John Gough Nichols (ed.), |
Magno | Caroline Barron, Christopher Coleman and Claire Gobbi (eds), ‘The London Journal of Alessandro Magno 1562’, |
Markland, ‘Carriages’ | J. H. Markland, ‘Remarks on the early use of carriages’, |
Marsden, | Peter Marsden (ed.), |
Material London | Lena Cowen Orlin (ed.), |