The Third Reich at War (137 page)

202
Jochen Klepper,
Unter dem Schatten deiner Fl̈gel: Aus den Tageb̈chern der Jahre 1932-1942
(Stuttgart, 1955), 798 (3 September 1939); idem,
Briefwechsel 1925-1942
(ed. Ernst G. Riemschneider, Stuttgart, 1973), 227-30 (exchange of letters with Frick).

203
. Quoted in Klepper,
Unter dem Schatten
, 1,130 (8 December 1942).

204
Ibid., 1,130-31 (8 December 1942).

205
. Ibid., 1,133 (10 December 1942).

206
. Christian Goeschel, ‘Suicide in Weimar and Nazi Germany’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2006), 135-59.

207
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 151-2.

208
Ibid., 149-6, 170-73. For a list of the deportations, see idem,
Politik
, 483-93.

209
Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head
, 455-6; Detlev Brandes,
Die Tschechen unter deutschem Protektorat
, I:
Besatzungspolitik, Kollaboration und Widerstand im Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren bis Heydrichs Tod, 1939-1942
(Munich, 1969); Miroslav K’rny, ‘ “Heydrichiaden”: Widerstand und Terror im Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren’, in Droulia and Fleischer (eds.),
Von Lidice bis Kalavryta
, 51-63.

210
Charles Whiting,
Heydrich: Henchman of Death
(London, 1999), 141-7.

211
Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head
, 455-7; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 518-19; still useful for details: Charles Wighton,
Heydrich: Hitler’s Most Evil Henchman
(London, 1962), 270-76; recent account using testimony of the surgeons in Mario R. Dederichs,
Heydrich: Das Gesicht des B̈sen
(Munich, 2005), 185-212.

212
Cited in G̈nther Deschner, ‘Reinhard Heydrich: Security Technocrat’, in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite
(London, 1993 [1989]), 85-97, at 87; idem,
Reinhard Heydrich - Statthalter der totalen Macht
(Munich, 1978).

213
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 4 June 1942.

214
Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head
, 149-50; Fest,
The Face of the Third Reich
, 152-70.

215
. As reported later by his widow; see ibid., 161.

216
Felix Kersten,
The Kersten Memoirs 1940-1945
(London, 1956), 90-99.

217
Carl J. Burckhardt,
Meine Danziger Mission 1937-1939
(Munich, 1960), 55.

218
. Ibid., 57.

219
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 4 June 1942.

220
. Ibid., 4 July 1942.

221
J̈rgen Tampke,
Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe from Bohemia to the EU
(London, 2003), 67-9; Ren’ Kupper, ‘Karl Hermann Frank als Deutscher Staatsminister f̈r B̈hmen und M̈hren’, in Monika Glettler
et al
. (eds.),
Geteilt, Besetzt, Beherrscht: Die Tschechoslowakei 1938-1945: Reichsgau Sudetenland, Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren, Slowakei
(Essen, 2004), 31-52.

222
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 538-45. The importance of the food question was first highlighted in Christian Gerlach’s
Krieg, Ern̈hrung, V̈lkermord: Forschungen zur deutschen Vernichtungspolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Hamburg, 1998).

223
. Berenstein
et al
. (eds.),
Faschismus
, 303.

224
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 168.

225
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 1,920 (30 September 1942); on this occasion Hitler used the word
Ausrottung
rather than the usual
Vernichtung
.

226
Cited in Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 403.

227
. Quoted in Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 169.

228
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
IV. 1,937 (8 November 1942).

229
Helmut Heiber,
Goebbels-Reden
(2 vols., D̈sseldorf, 1971-2). The version quoted in Jeremy Noakes (ed.),
Nazism 1919-1945
, IV:
The German Home Front in World War II: A Documentary Reader
(Exeter, 1998), 490-91, from the BBC radio monitoring service records shouts of ‘Out with the Jews’ from the audience after the last sentence.

230
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 1,991 (24 February 1943) and 2,001 (21 March 1943).

231
Frohlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
II/VIII. 287-90 (13 May 1943); see also Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(London, 1967).

232
. Quoted in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 497.

233
Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 281-7.

234
. This is the thesis of Herf, ibid. See also ibid., 183-230, for a survey of antisemitic propaganda in 1943.

235
Quoted in Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 181-2.

236
Arad,
Belzec
, 14-16.

237
Ibid., 16-22.

238
Gilbert,
The Holocaust
, 817; Arad,
Belzec
, 23-9, 68-74.

239
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 191 (8 April 1942); the reference to electricity was clearly based on false information.

240
Ibid., 192 (12-13 April 1942).

241
Ibid., 195-6 (8 May 1942).

242
. Ibid., 197 (9 May 1942).

243
. Gitta Sereny,
Into that Darkness: An Examination of Conscience
(London, 1977 [1974]), 111-12.

244
Ibid., 21-55.

245
Arad,
Belzec
, 126-7.

246
Ibid., 30-37, 75-80.

247
Ibid., 30-36, 49-53, 75-80, 128-30, 171-3.

248
Michael MacQueen, ‘The Conversion of Looted Jewish Assets to Run the German War Machine’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 18 (2004), 27-45; Bertrand Perz and Thomas Sandk̈hler, ‘Auschwitz und die “Aktion Reinhard” 1942-1945: Judenmord und Raubpraxis in neuer Sicht’,
Zeitgeschichte
, 26 (2000), 283-316.

249
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 498-9.

250
Berenstein
et al
. (eds.),
Faschismus
, 412-21.

251
Arad,
Belzec
, 165-9, 171, 306-41, 373-5.

252
Ibid., 37-43.

253
Ibid., 81-94; Sereny,
Into that Darkness
, 200-207.

254
Ibid., 200-207, 358; Arad,
Belzec
, 89-99.

255
Ibid., 196-7.

256
. Ibid., 101.

257
Ibid., 270-98; Sereny,
Into that Darkness
, 236-49.

258
Sereny,
Into that Darkness
, 248-9.

259
Arad,
Belzec
, 365-9.

260
Ibid., 170-78, 372-6; Sereny,
Into that Darkness
, 249-50.

261
Arad,
Belzec
, 379-80.

262
. Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, ‘A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during “Einsatz Reinhard” 1942’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 15 (2001), 468-86.

263
Gerald Fleming,
Hitler and the Final Solution
(Oxford, 1986 [1982]), 135-9. According to Eichmann during his later interrogation, the abridged report, when returned to his office, bore a note from Himmler: ‘Leader has taken note, destroy, H.H.’.

264
. Arad,
Belzec
, 379.

265
. Sybille Steinbacher,
Auschwitz: A History
(London, 2005 [2004]), 5-27; Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 116-19; Nilli Keren, ‘The Family Camp’, in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum (eds.),
Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
(Bloomington, Ind., 1994), 428-40. For a graphic memoir written by one of these prisoners, see Wieslaw Kielar,
Anus Mundi: Five Years in Auschwitz
(London, 1982 [1972]).

266
. Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 231.

267
. Ibid., 134-9; Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 89-91.

268
. Tomasz Kranz, ‘Das KL Lublin zwischen Planung und Realisierung’, in Herbert
et al
. (eds.),
Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
, I. 363-89.

269
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 124-5; Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 77.

270
. Longerich,
Politik
, 444 (and 704 n. 114, for the disputed timing of these experiments).

271
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 236, 717 n. 147; Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 164.

272
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 124; Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 87-9.

273
Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 169.

274
Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 169.

275
Ibid., 166-7.

276
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 124-5; Jamie McCarthy
et al
., ‘The Ruins of the Gas Chambers: A Forensic Investigation of Crematoriums at Auschwitz I and Auschwitz-Birkenau’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 18 (2004), 68-103. Michael Thad Allen, ‘Not Just a “Dating Game”: Origins of the Holocaust at Auschwitz in the Light of Witness Testimony’,
German History
, 25 (2007), 162-91, argues persuasively that Crematorium II was designed from the start as a gas chamber in accordance with directives from Himmler in Berlin, criticizing arguments that the crematoria were only converted to gas chambers at a later date: see Robert Jan Van Pelt, ‘A Site in Search of a Mission’, in Gutman and Berenbaum (eds.),
Anatomy
, 93-156; and Sybille Steinbacher,
‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz: Germanisierungspolitik und Judenmord in Ostoberschlesien
(Munich, 2000), 78.

277
Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 96-105.

278
Ibid., 119-21.

279
Ibid., 105-7; Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 211, 235.

280
. Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 107.

281
Miroslav K’rny
et al
. (eds.),
Theresienstadt in der ‘Endl̈sung der Judenfrage’
(Prague, 1992).

282
Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 108-9; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 354.

283
. Ibid., 620; Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 108.

284
Ibid., 40-44; eadem,
‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz
, 247.

285
Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 132-5.

286
Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 173.

287
. Ibid., 172.

288
. Ibid., 145.

289
. Ibid., 172.

290
. Ibid., 174.

291
Ibid., 175-6.

292
. Czerniakow,
The Warsaw Diary
, 300 (19 November 1941), 341 (8-10 April 1942), 355 (18 May 1942), 366 (14 June 1942), 376-7 (8 July 1942).

293
. Ibid., 384-5 (21-3 July 1942); Kermish, ‘Introduction’, in ibid., 23-4. Czerniakow’s diary was preserved by unknown hands and came to light in 1959. There is an atmospheric account of the crucial meeting on 22 July 1942 in Marcel Reich-Ranicki,
The Author of Himself: The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
(London, 2001 [1999]), 164-6. See also Wolfgang Scheffler, ‘The Forgotten Part of the “Final Solution”: The Liquidation of the Ghettos’,
Simon Wiesenthal Centre Annual
, 2 (1985), 31-51.

294
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 628 (letter to wife, 23 July 1942). Hosenfeld’s position in the military administration seems to have protected his letters from the attentions of the censor, though such an unqualified expression of criticism was still potentially very dangerous.

295
. Ibid., 630 (diary, 25 July 1942).

296
. Ibid., 642 (letter to son, 18 August 1942).

297
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 208 (4 August 1942).

298
. Kaplan,
Scroll
, Introduction and 271 (16 June 1942), 279-80 (25-6 June 1942); Gilbert,
The Holocaust
, 462; Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 279. See also Jerzy Lewinski, ‘The Death of Adam Czerniakow and Janusz Korcak’s Last Journey’,
Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry
, 7 (1992), 224-53.

299
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw
, 270-72.

300
Ringelblum,
Notes
, 310-11, also quoted in Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 279.

301
Ibid., 293-315, 320-21; Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 631 (diary, 25 July 1942).

302
. Yisrael Gutman,
Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
(Boston, Mass., 1994); Shmuel Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed: Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942- 1944
(New York, 1984); Reuben Ainsztein,
Revolte gegen die Vernichtung: Der Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto
(Berlin, 1993).

303
J̈rgen Stroop,
The Stroop Report: The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw Is No More!
(London, 1980 [1960]), 9.