The Third Reich at War (132 page)

99
. Bernd Stegemann, ‘The Italo-German Conduct of War in the Mediterranean and North Africa’, in
GSWW
III. 643-754, at 673-80.

100
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, II. 377 (23 April 1941), III. 48 (6 July 1941).

101
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 748-9, 992-4; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 211-15, 222-5, 361-3; Stegemann, ‘The Italo-German Conduct of War’, 680-754; Reinhard Stumpf, ‘The War in the Mediterranean Area 1942-1943: Operations in North Africa and the Central Mediterranean’, in
GSWW
VI. 631-840, at 631-54 and 661-748.

102
. Martin Gilbert,
The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy
(London, 1987 [1986]), 578; idem,
The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust
(London, 2002 [1982]), Maps 59, 188; Robert Satloff,
Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust’s Long Reach into Arab Lands
(New York, 2006).

103
. Andreas Hillgruber (ed.),
Staatsm̈nner und Diplomaten bei Hitler: Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen ̈ber Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes
(2 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1967-70), I. 664-6.

104
. Jeffrey Herf,
The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust
(London, 2006), 76.

105
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 381-2.

106
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 744-5; Schreiber, ‘Germany’, 305-448, Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 195-6; J̈rgen F̈rster, ‘Germany’s Acquisition of Allies in South-east Europe’, in
GSWW
IV. 386-428, at 386; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 166-9; Randolph L. Braham (ed.),
The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry
(New York, 1994); Mihail Sebastian,
‘Voller Entsetzen, aber nicht verzweifelt’: Tageb̈cher 1935-44
(ed. Edward Kanterian, Berlin, 2005). For Romanian fascism and antisemitism, see Leon Volovici,
Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s
(Oxford, 1991) (esp. Stephen Fischer-Galati, ‘The Legacy of AntiSemitism’, 1-28); Stanley G. Payne,
A History of Fascism 1914-45
(London, 1995), 134-8, 391-7; solid narrative of events in Keith Hitchins,
Rumania 1866-1947
(Oxford, 1994), 376-471 (esp. 451-71). By far the best account of Antonescu is now Dennis Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940-44
(London, 2006): for a detailed narrative of the events recounted above, see ibid., 8-68. The slaughterhouse incident is recounted in Robert St John,
Foreign Correspondent
(London, 1960), 180.

107
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 1,011-2.

108
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 360-63; Vogel, ‘German Intervention’, 451-85.

109
. Ibid., 497-526; Mark Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation
1941-44
(London, 1993), 1-8, 15-18; Peter Calvocoressi and Guy Wint,
Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War
(Harmondsworth, 1974 [1972]), 154-60 (a little outdated, but still valuable); Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 218-22.

110
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 213-15; Vogel, ‘German Intervention’, 527-55.

111
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 213-15.

112
. P̈ppel,
Heaven and Hell
, 67.

113
. Quoted in Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, 23-4.

114
. Ibid., 23-32; Rainer Eckert,
Vom ‘Fall Marita’ zur ‘Wirtschaftlichen Sonderaktion’: Die deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Griechenland vom 6. April 1941 bis zur Kriegswende im Februar/M̈rz 1943
(Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 85-142.

115
. Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, 32-52.

116
. Ibid., 85-96, 235-8; idem,
Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950
(London, 2004), 421-2.

117
. Payne,
A History of Fascism
, 404-11; Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat,
Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941-1945
(Stuttgart, 1965 [1964]), 13-38; Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration
(Stanford, Calif., 2001), 47-174; Gert Fricke,
Kroatien 1941-1944: Der ‘Unabḧngige Staat’ in der Sicht des Deutschen Bevollm̈chtigten Generals in Agram, Blaise v Hortenau
(Freiburg, 1972), 10, 25-67.

118
. Hory and Broszat,
Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat
, 39-57.

119
. Misha Glenny,
The Balkans 1804-1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers
(London, 1999), 498-502: Hory and Broszat,
Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat
, 75-106; Payne,
A History of Fascism
, 408-10; Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 228 - 30; gruesome details and photographs in Edmond Paris,
Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941 - 1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecution and Massacres
(Chicago, 1961), esp. 88 - 126 and 162 - 205.

120
. Quoted in ibid., 109 - 10; see also ibid., 127 - 61 for the concentration camps.

121
. Milan Ristovic’, ‘Yugoslav Jews Fleeing the Holocaust, 1941-1945’, in John K. Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell (eds.),
Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide
(London, 3 vols., 2001), I. 512-26; Glenny,
The Balkans
, 300-302; Payne,
A History of Fascism
, 409-10; Hory and Broszat,
Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat
, 75-92; Tomasevich,
War and Revolution
, 380-415 for the Ustashe reign of terror, and 511-79 for the role of the Catholic Church. A careful analysis of numbers killed in the genocidal campaigns of the Ustashe can be found in Marko Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941 - 1943
(London, 2006), 19 - 28.

122
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 316.

123
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 305.

124
. Hitler,
Kriegstagebuch
, II. 214 (5 December 1940); Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 307 - 8; Bernd Stegemann, ‘Hitlers Kriegszeiele im ersten Kriegsjahr 1939/40: Ein Beitrag zur Quellenkritik’,
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 27 (1980), 93 - 105. For Stalinist antisemitism, see Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 93. For a detailed account of the decision to invade, see Jürgen Förster, ‘Hitler’s Decision in Favour of War against the Soviet Union’, in
GSWW
IV. 13 - 51. For policy discussions and options in the summer of 1940, see Andreas Hillgruber,
Hitlers Strategie: Politik und Kriegführung 1940-41
(Frankfurt am Main, 1965), 144-277.

125
. Roberts,
Stalin’s Wars
, 30 - 46.

126
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 421-5.

127
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, II. 49 (31 July 1940).

128
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 173 (1 February 1941); repeated on 14 June 1941 (ibid., 193).

129
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 331 - 7; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 198 - 205.

130
. David M. Glantz,
Barbarossa: Hitler’s Invasion of Russia 1941
(Stroud, 2001), 13 - 18.

131
. Evan Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941-1945
(London, 2005), 19 - 20; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 429 - 36.

132
. Anthony F. Upton,
Finland 1939-40
(London, 1974); David Kirby,
Finland in the Twentieth Century
(London, 1979).

133
. Förster, ‘Germany’s Acquisition’, 398 - 408; see also Mark Axworthy
et al
.,
Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941 - 1945
(London, 1995); and Hillgruber,
Hitler, König Carol und Marschall Antonescu
, 126-34; more generally, idem,
Hitlers Strategie
, 484 - 501.

134
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 431-3; Förster, ‘Germany’s Acquisition’, 409 - 24.

135
. Ibid., 421 - 8; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 274 - 8.

136
. Quoted in Marshall Lee Miller,
Bulgaria during the Second World War
(Stanford, Calif., 1975), 1.

137
. Hans-Jürgen Hoppe,
Bulgarien - Hitlers eigenwilliger Verbündeter
(Stuttgart, 1979); Miller,
Bulgaria
, 93 - 106; Richard Crampton,
Bulgaria
(Oxford, 2007), 248 - 65.

138
. Quoted in Miller,
Bulgaria
, 76.

139
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 158 (14 June 1941).

140
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 321; Heinrich Schwendemann,
Die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Sowjetunion von 1939 bis 1941: Alternative zu Hitlers Ostprogramm?
(Berlin, 1993), 373.

141
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 201 - 5; Roberts,
Stalin’s Wars
, 61 - 70.

142
. Quoted in Robert Service,
Stalin: A Biography
(London, 2004), 407.

143
. Ibid., 406-9; Gabriel Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia
(London, 1999); Roberts,
Stalin’s Wars
, 70 - 81; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 32 - 41.

144
. Glantz,
Barbarossa
, 28-32; for Soviet intelligence, see David M. Glantz,
Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of War
(Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 233 - 57.

145
. Simon Sebag-Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
(London, 2003), 317.

146
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 369 - 73, 378.

147
. Quoted in Rainer F. Schmidt, ‘Der Hess-Flug und das Kabinett Churchill: Hitlers Stellvertreten im Kalkül der britischen Kriegsdiplomatie Mai - Juni 1941’,
VfZ
42 (1994), 1 - 38, at 14 - 16.

148
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 369 - 81, effectively disposes of the numerous and often extremely bizarre conspiracy theories that were spun around Hess’s flight at the time and later. Neither the claim that Hitler would have sanctioned, let alone ordered, such a hare-brained escapade, nor the idea that either Hess or Hitler was encouraged to mount such a mission by an influential ‘peace party’ in the British government and secret service - to take two of the less fanciful theories - has any basis in reality.

149
. Gerhard Engel,
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938 - 1943
(ed. Hildegard von Kotze, Stuttgart, 1974), 103 - 4.

150
. Fröhlich (ed.),
Die Tagebücher
, I/IX. 309 (13 May 1941).

151
. Quoted in Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 939 n. 210.

152
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, VII. 2,302 and 2,313 (15 and 19 May 1941).

153
. Martin Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern in der NS-Zeit
(6 vols., Munich, 1977 - 83), I. 148 (‘Aus Monatsbericht des Landrats, 31. 5. 1941’).

154
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 185 (10 - 12 May 1941).

155
. Klemperer,
I Shall Bear Witness
, 368 (21 May 1941).

156
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 219 (15 May 1941).

157
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 166 - 7.

158
. Quoted in Marie Vassiltchikov,
The Berlin Diaries of Marie ‘Missie’ Vassiltchikov 1940-1945
(London, 1987 [1985]), 51-2; Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 196, 204, and Gerhardt B. Thamm,
Boy Soldier: A German Teenager at the Nazi Twilight
(Jefferson, N.C., 2000), 34.

159
. Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, ‘The Mind of Adolf Hitler’, in Adolf Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk 1941 - 1944
(Oxford, 1988 [1953]), vii - xxxv, at xii - xiii.
160
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 51 (10 October 1941).

161
. Ibid., 38 (23 September 1941).

162
. Ibid., 16 (27 July 1941).

163
. Ibid., 24 (8/9 and 9/10 August 1941). For Hitler and Himmler’s concept of the Ukraine as an imperial fiefdom, equivalent to British India, see Wendy Lower,
Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005), 98 - 128.

164
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 68 - 9 (17 October 1941).

165
. Ibid., 61 (2 and ⅔ November 1941).

166
. Ibid., 447 (27 April 1942).

167
. Ibid., 578 (18 July 1942).

168
. Ibid., 77 (17/18 October 1941).

169
. Ibid., 69 (17 October 1941 and 22 July 1942).

170
. Ibid., 62 (9 August 1942).

171
. Longerich,
Politik
, 298; quote in Madajczyk,
Die Okkupationspolitik
, 92.

172
. Alex J. Kay, ‘Germany’s Staatssekretäre, Mass Starvation and the Meeting of 2 May 1941’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 41 (2006), 685-700; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 475 - 80.