The Third Reich at War (130 page)

Read The Third Reich at War Online

Authors: Richard J. Evans

Tags: #History, #Europe, #Germany

BOOK: The Third Reich at War
6.63Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

237
. Riess,
Die Anf̈nge
, 281-90; Karl Heinz Roth and G̈tz Aly, ‘Das “Gesetz ̈ber die Sterbehilfe bei unheilbar Kranken”: Protokolle der Diskussion ̈ber die Legalisierung der nationalsozialistischen Anstaltsmorde in den Jahren 1938-1941’, in Karl Heinz Roth (ed.),
Erfassung zur Vernichtung: Von der Sozialhygiene zum ‘Gesetz ̈ber Sterbehilfe’
(Berlin, 1984), 101-79, at 104-11; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 39-44; Burleigh,
Death
, 93-100; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 77-81; Longerich,
Politik
, 234-5. The chronology of these events is reviewed exhaustively in Ulf Schmidt, ‘Reassessing the Beginning of the “Euthanasia” Programme’,
German History
, 17 (1999), 543-50, also effectively disposing of standard accounts of the name and case-history of the baby in Leipzig whose condition gave Hitler the pretext for launching the action. See also Ulf Schmidt,
Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor: Medicine and Power in the Third Reich
(London, 2007), 117-23 (for the case) and 123 - 46 (for the launching of the programme).

238
. Roth and Aly, ‘Das “Gesetz” ’, 112 - 17; Burleigh,
Death
, 98 - 9; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 44 - 6.

239
. Ibid., 67-8; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 85-91; Christian Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik des Dritten Reiches: Planung, Durchf̈hrung und Durchsetzung
(Cologne, 1987), 158 - 70.

240
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 80 - 81.

241
. Burleigh,
Death
, 99 - 101; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 82 - 95; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 238 - 45, 295-307; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 150-55. For Binding and Hoche, see Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 145.

242
. G̈tz Aly, ‘Der Mord an behinderten Hamburger Kindern zwischen 1939 und 1945’, in Angelika Ebbinghaus
et al
. (eds.),
Heilen und Vernichten im Mustergau Hamburg: Bev̈lkerungs- und Gesundheitspolitik im Dritten Reich
(Hamburg, 1984), 147 - 55; Burleigh,
Death
, 101 - 11; Schmuhl, ‘Die Patientenmorde’, 302; idem,
Rassenhygiene
, 182 - 9.

243
. Quoted in Friedlander,
The Origins
, 50.

244
. Aly, ‘Der Mord’, 151; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 188 - 9.

245
. Quoted in Aly, ‘Der Mord’, 148; see also Burleigh,
Death
, 100; Schmuhl, ‘Die Patientenmorde’, 305 - 6, and Gerhard Baader, ‘Heilen und Vernichten: Die Mentaliẗt der NS-̈rzte’, in Ebbinghaus and D̈rner (eds.),
Vernichten und Heilen
, 275 - 94.

246
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 68 - 9; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 155 - 7.

247
. Good basic overview in Armin Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’: Zur Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ‘Euthanasie’-Verbrechen: Texte und Materialien für Unterricht und Studium
(Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 91-7; more detail in Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 190 - 95.

248
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 65 - 6; Burleigh,
Death
, 113 - 14.

249
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 86-7; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 195-7; Widmann quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 69.

250
. Riess,
Die Anf̈nge
, 355 - 8.

251
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 86 - 94.

252
. Ibid., 73-84; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 115-23; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 92-104; Burleigh,
Death
, 128 - 9.

253
. Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 202 - 3, 215 - 17.

254
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 83-5; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 174-90; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 105 - 16, 184 - 90; Burleigh,
Death
, 135 - 46.

255
. Quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 125 (box); see also, for the procedure, Friedlander,
The Origins
, 93 - 110.

256
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 149 - 52; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 149 - 59; Burleigh,
Death
, 146 - 9; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 203 - 8.

257
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 85.

258
. Wirth quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 124-5; also more generally ibid., 119-42; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 102 - 6; and Burleigh,
Death
, 149 - 57.

259
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 109-10. See also Johannes Tuchel (ed.),
‘Kein Recht auf Leben’: Beitr̈ge und Dokumente zur Entrechtung und Vernichtung ‘lebensunwerten Lebens’ im Nationalsozialismus
(Berlin, 1984), and Roland M̈ller (ed.),
Krankenmord im Nationalsozialismus: Grafeneck und die ‘Euthanasie’ in S̈dwestdeutschland
(Stuttgart, 2001), a collection of conference papers.

260
. Burleigh,
Death
, 169 - 73.

261
. All quoted in Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 310; see also Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 207-11.

262
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 209; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 116-21; Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Ein unbequemer Amtsrichter im Dritten Reich: Aus den Personalakten des Dr. Lothar Kreyssig’,
VfZ
32 (1984), 462-88.

263
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 255-8; see more generally Nowak,
‘Euthanasie’ und Sterilisierung
.

264
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 398-401, 447-51.

265
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 151-62 (reprinting the entire memorandum); Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 285.

266
. Quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 213-14.

267
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 113-14; Burleigh,
Death
, 166-9; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 170-72; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 312-46.

268
. Ulrich von Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries: The Story of the Forces against Hitler inside Germany 1938-1944
(Boulder, Colo., 1994 [1946]), 150, 159, 165.

269
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 143.

270
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 278-85; Burleigh,
Death
, 167-8.

271
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 234-53.

272
. Beth A. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism
(New Haven, Conn., 2002), 77; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 515 - 16.

273
. Ibid., 239.

274
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 167 - 8, 193.

275
. Ibid., 170 - 73; Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 76 - 7.

276
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 182-4; Burleigh,
Death
, 174-6; Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 76 - 8 (but quoting Burleigh’s words as though they were Faulhaber’s).

277
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 183.

278
. Ibid., 184. The emphasis in these various documents on the illegitimacy of killing the innocent reflected the long-held support of the Catholic Church and its lay organizations for the death penalty: see Richard J. Evans,
Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600-1987
(Oxford, 1996), 76-7, 332-3, 336-8, 432-3, 604-6, 654-5, 711-14, 797-9.

279
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 193; overview in Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 346-54.

280
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 178-86, 82-3.

281
. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 84-5, 186-96; Burleigh,
Death
, 176-8.

282
. Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’
, 147-8.

283
. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 86; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 335-9.

284
. Joachim Kuropka (ed.),
Meldungen aus M̈nster, 1924-1944: Geheime und vertrauliche Berichte von Polizei, Gestapo, NSDAP und ihren Gliederungen, staatlicher Verwaltung, Gerichtsbarkeit und Wehrmacht ̈ber die politische und gesellschaftliche Situation in M̈nster
(M̈nster, 1992).

285
. Report in Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,175-8, also reprinted in Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’
, 138-41. See also Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 86-93; Burleigh,
Death
, 209-19; Karl Ludwig Rost,
Sterilisation und Euthanasie im Film des ‘Dritten Reiches’: Nationalsozialistische Propaganda in ihrer Beziehung zu rassenhygienischen Massnahmen des NS-Staates
(Berlin, 1984), 166-8; and Kurt Nowak, ‘Widerstand, Zustimmung, Hinnahme: Das Verhalten der Bev̈lkerung zur “Euthanasie” ’, in Norbert Frei (ed.),
Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit
(Munich, 1991), 235-51.

286
. Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Euthanasie und Justiz im Dritten Reich’,
VfZ
20 (1972), 235-79, at 278-9.

287
. Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 173; Gruchmann, ‘Euthanasie’, 277.

288
. Burleigh,
Death
, 176-80, overstates the case against the Catholic Church; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 111-12, takes it more or less as read and credits public opinion rather than the Churches; Griech-Polelle,
Bish op von Galen
, 92-3, sums up the arguments judiciously, pointing out that Galen’s sermons were expressing in religious terms what public opinion felt more generally.

289
. Excellent analysis in Longerich,
Politik
, 241-2.

290
. Thus the arguments in Omer Bartov,
The Eastern Front 1941-1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare
(London, 1985); and idem,
Hitler’s Army
, dating these processes from the invasion of the Soviet Union onwards; see the critique in Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, 191, and the account of the many works that assume that the German war of racial extermination in the east only began in 1941 in B̈hler,
Auftakt
, 9-16.

291
. Tadeusz Piotrowski,
Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces, and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
(Jefferson, N.C., 1998); B̈hler,
Auftakt
, 241-7.

292
. Berndt and Strecker (eds.),
Polen
; Richard J. Evans (ed.),
Kneipengespr̈che im Kaiserreich: Die Stimmungsberichte der Hamburger Politischen Polizei 1892-1914
(Hamburg, 1989), 361-83.

293
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 292 (letter to son, 23 November 1939).

294
. Johannes Ḧrter (ed.),
Ein deutscher General an der Ostfront: Die Briefe und
Tagebücher des Gotthard Heinrici 1941/42
(Essen, 2001), 56 (letter to wife, 22 April 1941).

295
. Ibid., 56 (letter to wife, 25 April 1941).

296
. Ibid., 57 (letter to family, 30 April 1941).

297
. Ibid.

298
. Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, 121-43.

299
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 61.

300
. See Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, arguing against J̈rgen F̈rster, ‘Jewish Policies of the German Military, 1939-1942’, in Asher Cohen
et al
. (eds.),
The Shoah and the War
(New York, 1992), 53-71, at 56, and Umbreit,
Deutsche Miliẗrverwaltungen
, 137, 273.

Chapter 2
. FORTUNES OF WAR

1
. Roger Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the F̈hrer
(London, 2006), 36-58, is the most recent account. See also Peter Hoffmann,
Hitler’s Personal Security
(London, 1979), 105-11.

2
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 50-53; Heinz Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS
(London, 1972 [1966]), 264-6.

3
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 43-50; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 271-5.

4
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, III. 449: Bericht zur innenpolitischen Lage Nr. 15, 13 November 1939.

5
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 194-5 (9 November 1939).

6
. Alan Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
(London, 1952), 522-3, claimed the Gestapo was responsible, as did Peter Padfield,
Himmler: Reichsf̈hrer-SS
(London, 1990), 283. See however Anton Hoch, ‘Das Attentat auf Hitler im M̈nchener B̈rgerbr̈ukeller 1939’,
VfZ
17 (1969), 383-413, and especially Lothar Gruchmann (ed.),
Autobiographie eines Attenẗters: Johann Georg Elser: Aussage zum Sprengstoffanschlag im B̈rgerbr̈ukeller, M̈nchen, am 8. November 1939
(Stuttgart, 1970).

7
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 58.

8
. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (ed.),
Dokumente zur Vorgeschichte des Westfeldzuges 1939-1940
(G̈ttingen, 1956), 5-7. For the generals’ previous caution, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 633, 642, 668-70.

Other books

Freaky Fast Frankie Joe by Lutricia Clifton
Silence Is Golden by Mercuri, Laura
The Jaguar's Children by John Vaillant
One Week by Nikki Van De Car
Petticoat Ranch by Mary Connealy
Holding You by Kelly Elliott
Shattered Justice by Karen Ball
Down The Hatch by John Winton
Beautiful Sorrows by Mercedes M. Yardley
Scandals of an Innocent by Nicola Cornick