The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (133 page)

4
American Group Psychotherapy Association, “Guidelines for Certification: Group Psychotherapy Credentials.” Available at
www.agpa.org
.

5
N. Taylor, G. Burlingame, K. Kristensen, A. Fuhriman, J. Johansen, and D. Dahl, “A Survey of Mental Health Care Provider’s and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward, Familiarity With, and Use of Group Interventions,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 243–63.

6
B. Schwartz, “An Eclectic Group Therapy Course for Graduate Students in Professional Psychology,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice
18 (1981): 417–23.

7
Although didactic courses are among the
least
effective methods of teaching, over 90 percent of psychiatric residency teaching programs use them. E. Pinney, “Group Psychotherapy Training in Psychiatric Residency Programs,”
Journal of Psychiatric Education
10 (1986): 106.

8
J. Gans, J. Rutan, and E. Lape, “The Demonstration Group: A Tool for Observing Group Process and Leadership Style,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 233–52.

9
See I. Yalom,
Inpatient Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Basic Books, 1983), 259–73, for a full discussion of this format.

10
To order, go to
psychotherapy.net/
and click on “videotapes.” V. Brabender, “Videotape Resources for Group Psychotherapists: A 5-Year Retrospective,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 253–63. Brabender (2002) has completed a detailed summary of currently available video tape training resources. A particularly effective approach in training that is often used in clinical trials is an intensive workshop in which trainees watch videotape segments of group therapy—led well and poorly. Trainees then discuss how they understand what they observed; what worked and why; what failed and why; what alternative approaches could be used?

11
H. Bernard, “Introduction to Special Issue on Group Supervision of Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 153–57.

12
Murphy et al., “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience.” J. Kleinberg, “The Supervisory Alliance and the Training of Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapists,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 159–79. S. Shanfield, V. Hetherly, and D. Matthews, “Excellent Supervision: The Residents’ Perspective,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
10 (2001): 23–27. M. Bowers Jr., “Supervision in Psychiatry and the Transmission of Values,”
Academic Psychiatry
23 (1999): 42–45. M. Leszcz, “Reflections on the Abuse of Power, Control, and Status in Group Therapy and Group Therapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
54 (2004): 389–400.

13
A. Alonso, “On Being Skilled and Deskilled as a Psychotherapy Supervisor,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
9 (2000): 55–61.

14
M. Leszcz and L. Murphy, “Supervision of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Clinical Perspectives on Psychotherapy Supervision,
ed. S. Greben and R. Ruskin (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994), 99–120. Shanfield et al., “Excellent Supervision.”

15
M. Hantoot, “Lying in Psychotherapy Supervision: Why Residents Say One Thing and Do Another,”
Academic Psychiatry
24 (2000): 179–87.

16
G. Burlingame et al., “A Systematic Program to Enhance Clinician Group Skills in an Inpatient Psychiatric Hospital,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 555–87.

17
Murphy et al., “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience.”

18
G. Ebersole, P. Leiderman, and I. Yalom, “Training the Nonprofessional Group Therapist,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders
149 (1969): 294–302.

19
L. Tauber, “Choice Point Analysis: Formulation, Strategy, Intervention, and Result in Group Process Therapy and Supervision,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
28 (1978): 163–83.

20
H. Roback, “Use of Patient Feedback to Improve the Quality of Group Therapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
26 (1976): 243–47.

21
J. Elizur, “‘Stuckness’ in Live Supervision: Expanding the Therapist’s Style,”
Journal of Family Therapy
12 (1990): 267–80. V. Alpher, “Interdependence and Parallel Processes: A Case Study of Structural Analysis of Social Behavior in Supervision and Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy,”
Psychotherapy
28 (1991): 218–31.

22
A. Alonso, “Training for Group Psychotherapy,” in
Group Therapy and Clinical Practice,
ed. A. Alonso and H. Swiller (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1993), 521–32. Leszcz and Murphy, “Supervision of Group Psychotherapy.”

23
D. Altfeld, “An Experiential Group Model for Psychotherapy Supervision,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 237–54. E. Counselman and R. Weber, “Organizing and Maintaining Peer Supervision Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
54 (2004): 125–43.

24
D. Janoff and J. Schoenholtz-Read, “Group Supervision Meets Technology: A Model for Computer-Mediated Group Training at a Distance,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 255–72.

25
C. Classen et al., “Effectiveness of a Training Program for Enhancing Therapists’ Understanding of the Supportive-Expressive Treatment Model for Breast Cancer Groups,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
6 (1997): 211–18. H. Verdeli et al., “Adapting Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for a Developing Country: Experience in Rural Uganda,”
World Psychiatry
2 (2002): 114–20. S. Feiner, “Course Design: An Integration of Didactic and Experiential Approaches to Graduate Training of Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 439–60.

26
Pinney, “Group Psychotherapy Training in Psychiatric Residency Programs.” J. Gans, J. Rutan, and N. Wilcox, “T-Groups (Training Groups) in Psychiatric Residency Programs: Facts and Possible Implications,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 169–83. V. Nathan and S. Poulsen, “Group-Analytic Training Groups for Psychology Students: A Qualitative Study,”
Group Analysis
37 (2004): 163–77.

27
M. Aveline, “Principles of Leadership in Brief Training Groups for Mental Health Professionals,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
43 (1993): 107–29.

28
E. Coche, F. Dies, and K. Goettelmann, “Process Variables Mediating Change in Intensive Group Therapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
41 (1991): 379–98. V. Tschuschke and L. Greene, “Group Therapists’ Training: What Predicts Learning?”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 463–82.

29
D. Scaturo, “Fundamental Clinical Dilemmas in Contemporary Group Psychotherapy,”
Group Analysis
37 (2004): 201–17.

30
Aveline, “Principles of Leadership in Brief Training Groups.”

31
C. Mace, “Personal Therapy in Psychiatric Training,”
Psychiatric Bulletin
25 (2001): 3–4.

32
J. Guy et al., “Personal Therapy for Psychotherapists Before and After Entering Professional Practice,”
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
19 (1988): 474–76.

33
J. Norcross, “Personal Therapy for Therapists: One Solution, 96th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association: The Hazards of the Psychotherapeutic Practice for the Clinician (1988, Atlanta, Georgia),”
Psychotherapy in Private Practice
8 (1990): 45–59. J. Prochaska and J. Norcross, “Contemporary Psychotherapists: A National Survey of Characteristics, Practices, Orientations, and Attitudes,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice
20 (1983): 161–73.

34
D. Weintraub, L. Dixon, E. Kohlhepp, and J. Woolery, “Residents in Personal Psychotherapy: A Longitudinal Cross-Sectional Perspective,”
Academic Psychiatry
23 (1999): 14–19.

35
I. Yalom,
The Gift of Therapy
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003).

36
N. Elman and L. Forrest, “Psychotherapy in the Remediation of Psychology Trainees: Exploratory Interviews with Training Directors,”
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
35 (2004): 123–30. L. Beutler et al., “Therapist Variables,” in
Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
, 5th ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: Wiley, 2004), 647–96. The research in this area is problematic. There is substantial evidence that therapist psychological well-being is associated with better clinical outcomes but personal psychotherapy is not. Perhaps the best explanation for these findings is that engaging in personal psychotherapy by itself is not synonymous with psychological well-being. Many practitioners may have long struggled personally and not yet achieved what they need from their personal psychotherapy. Even so, personal psychotherapy makes therapists more resilient in the face of the demands of the clinical work.

37
The Canadian Group Psychotherapy Association, as of 1986, required ninety hours of personal experience in either a bona fide therapy group or a prolonged experiential workshop with other professionals (Kent Mahoney, personal communication, 1994). J. Salvendy, “Group Therapy Trainees as Bona Fide Members in Patient Groups,” in
Group and Family Therapy,
ed. L. Wolberg and M. Aronson (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1983). R. Alnoes and B. Sigrell, “Evaluation of the Outcome of Training Groups Using an Analytic Group Psychotherapy Technique,”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
25 (1975): 268–75. R. Dies, “Attitudes Toward the Training of Group Psychotherapists,”
Small Group Behavior
5 (1974): 65–79. H. Mullan and M. Rosenbaum,
Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Free Press, 1978), 115–73. M. Pines, “Group Psychotherapy: Frame of Reference for Training,” in
Psychotherapy: Research and Training,
ed. W. DeMoor, W. Wijingaarden, and H. Wijngaarden (Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1980), 233–44. J. Salvendy, “Group Psychotherapy Training: A Quest for Standards,”
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
25 (1980): 394–402. R. Battegay, “The Value of Analytic Self-Experiencing Groups in the Training of Psychotherapists,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
33 (1983): 199–213.

38
Coche et al., “Process Variables Mediating Change.”

39
Counselman and Weber, “Organizing and Maintaining Peer Supervision Groups.”

40
E. Bein et al., “The Effects of Training in Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy: Changes in Therapeutic Outcome,”
Psychotherapy Research
10 (2000): 119–32. B. Wampold,
The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings
(Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 2001). I. Elkin, “A Major Dilemma in Psychotherapy Outcome Research: Disentangling Therapists from Therapies,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
6 (1999): 10–32. S. Miller and J. Binder, “The Effects of Manual-Based Training on Treatment Fidelity and Outcome: A Review of the Literature on Adult Individual Psychotherapy,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
39 (2002): 184–98.

41
Burlingame et al., “Small-Group Treatment.”

42
E. Silber and J. Tippet, “Self-Esteem: Clinical Assessment and Validation,”
Psychological Reports
16 (1965): 1017–71.

43
S. Holmes and D. Kivlighan, “Comparison of Therapeutic Factors in Group and Individual Treatment Processes,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
47 (2000): 478–84.

44
M. Lieberman and I. Yalom, “Brief Psychotherapy for the Spousally Bereaved: A Controlled Study,”
International Journal of Group Psychiatry
42 (1992): 117–33.

45
S. Leacock, “Gertrude the Governess or Simple 17,”
A Treasury of the Best Works of Stephen Leacock
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1954).

Index

AA.
See
Alcoholics Anonymous

AA serenity prayer

Absenteeism; of group members; meaning of; value of

Acceleration of interaction

Acceptance; among juveniles; enhanced by group; group; importance of; by others; universal need for; valued by group members

Activating procedures; curvilinear nature of

Active coping

Actualizing tendency

Acute inpatient therapy groups: acute inpatient hospitalization
v.
; alleviating hospital-related anxiety in; altruism in; clinical setting for; formulation of goals in; maladaptive interpersonal behavior in; modes of structure in; modification of technique for; working model for higher-level group.
See also
Inpatient groups

Adaptive social skills, augmented by group popularity

Adaptive spiral; facilitated by therapist; through imitative behavior; in therapy groups

Addition of new members to group: group response to; therapeutic guidelines for; timing of

Adult Survivors of Incest

Advice-giving

Advice-seeking, interpersonal pathology and

Affect; borderline clients and; critical incident and; expression of; illness and; modeled by therapist

Affiliation

Affiliativeness

Agreeableness

Ahistorical focus

Alcohol treatment groups; existential factors and; as twelve-step groups.
See also
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Twelve-step groups