The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (129 page)

5
K. Chard, T. Weaver, and P. Resick, “Adapting Cognitive Processing Therapy for Child Sexual Abuse Survivors,”
Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
4 (1997): 31–52. N. Lutwack, “Shame, Women, and Group Psychotherapy,”
Group
22 (1998): 129–43.

6
L. Ormont, “Principles and Practice of Conjoint Psychoanalytic Treatment,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
138 (1981): 69–73.

7
J. Rutan and A. Alonso, “Group Therapy, Individual Therapy, or Both?”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
32 (1982): 267–82. K. Porter, “Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy,” in
Group Therapy in Clinical Practice,
ed. A. Alonso and H. Swiller (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1993), 309–41.

8
Ormont, “Principles and Practice of Conjoint Psychoanalytic Treatment.” M. Leszcz, “Group Psychotherapy of the Borderline Patient,” in
Handbook of Borderline Disorders,
ed. D. Silver and M. Rosenbluth (Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1992), 435–69. J. Schacter, “Concurrent Individual and Individual In-a-Group Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy,”
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
36 (1988): 455–71.

9
J. Gans, “Broaching and Exploring the Question of Combined Group and Individual Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
40 (1990): 123–37.

10
K. Ulman, “The Ghost in the Group Room: Countertransferential Pressures Associated with Conjoint Individual and Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 387–407. K. Porter, “Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy,” in
Group Therapy in Clinical Practice,
ed. A. Alonso and H. Swiller (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1993): 309–41.

11
K. Porter, “Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy.” S. Lipsius, “Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy: Guidelines at the Interface,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
41 (1991): 313–27. H. Swiller, “Alexithymia: Treatment Using Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
37 (1988): 47–61. J. Rutan and A. Alonso, “Common Dilemmas in Combined Individual and Group Treatment,”
Group
14 (1990): 5–12.

12
E. Amaranto and S. Bender, “Individual Psychotherapy as an Adjunct to Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
40 (1990): 91–101. S. Budman, personal communication, 1993.

13
J. Rutan and W. Stone, “Duration of Treatment in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
34 (1984): 93–109. A study comparing conjoint and combined group therapy for patients with eating disorders found that the combined format was far more effective at preventing dropouts. (More than three times as many patients dropped out of conjoint groups.) K. Scheuble et al., “Premature Termination: A Risk in Eating Disorder Groups,”
Group
(1987): 85–93.

14
R. Matano and I. Yalom, “Approaches to Chemical Dependency: Chemical Dependency and Interactive Group Therapy: A Synthesis,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
41 (1991): 269–93. M. Freimuth, “Integrating Group Psychotherapy and 12-Step Work: A Collaborative Approach,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 297–314.

15
E. Khantzian, “Reflection on Group Treatments as Corrective Experiences in Addictive Vulnerability,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 11–20.

16
P. Flores, “Addition as an Attachment Disorder: Implications for Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 63–82. M. Litt, R. Kadden, N. Cooney, and E. Kabela, “Coping Skills and Treatment Outcomes in Cognitive-Behavioral and Interactional Group Therapy for Alcoholism,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
71 (2003): 118–28.

17
Project MATCH Research Group, “Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity: Project MATCH Post-Treatment Drinking Outcomes,”
Journal of Studies in Alcohol
58 (1997): 7–29. Stephanie Brown, personal communication, 2004. M. Seligman, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports Study,”
American Psychologist
50 (1995): 965–74.

18
P. Ouimette, R. Moos, and J. Finney, “Influence of Outpatient Treatment and 12-Step Group Involvement on One Year Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
59 (1998): 513–22. S. Lash, G. Petersen, E. O’Connor, and L. Lahmann, “Social Reinforcement of Substance Abuse After Care Group Therapy Attendants,”
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
20 (2001): 3–8.

19
Matano and Yalom, “Approaches to Chemical Dependency.” Freimuth, “Integrating Group Psychotherapy and 12-Step Work.”

20
Matano and Yalom, “Approaches to Chemical Dependency.”

21
Research studies of therapists’ preferences demonstrate that 75–90 percent prefer the cotherapy mode (I. Paulson, J. Burroughs, and C. Gelb, “Co-Therapy: What Is the Crux of the Relationship?”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
26 [1976]: 213–24). R. Dies, J. Mallet, and F. Johnson, “Openness in the Co-Leader Relationship: Its Effect on Group Process and Outcome,”
Small Group Behavior
10 (1979): 523–46. H. Rabin, “How Does Co-Therapy Compare with Regular Group Therapy?”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
21 (1967): 244–55.

22
C. Hendrix, D. Fournier, and K. Briggs, “Impact of Co-Therapy Teams on Client Outcomes and Therapist Training in Marriage and Family Therapy,”
Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal
23 (2001): 63–82.

23
H. Rabin, “How Does Co-therapy Compare.” H. Spitz and S. Kopp, “Multiple Psychotherapy,”
Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement
31 (1957): 295–331. Paulson et al., “CoTherapy: What Is the Crux.” Dies et al., “Openness in the Co-leader Relationship.” R. Dick, K. Lessler, and J. Whiteside, “A Developmental Framework for Co-Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
30 (1980): 273–85.

24
M. Leszcz and P. Goodwin, “The Rationale and Foundations of Group Psychotherapy for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 245–74.

25
I. Harwood, “Creative Use of Gender in a Co-Therapy Group Composition When Addressing Early Attachment, Trauma, and Cross-Cultural Issues,”
Psychoanalytic Inquiry
23 (2003): 697–712. L. Livingston, “Transferences Toward the Co-Therapist Couple: Dyadic Relationships and Self-Object Needs,”
Group
25 (2001): 59–72.

26
B. Roller and V. Nelson,
The Art of Co-Therapy: How Therapists Work Together
(New York: Guilford Press, 1991). R. Dies, “Current Practice in the Training of Group Therapists,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
30 (1980): 169–85.

27
I. Yalom, J. Tinklenberg, and M. Gilula, unpublished data, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, 1967.

28
S. McNary and R. Dies, “Co-Therapist Modeling in Group Psychotherapy: Fact or Fiction?”
Group
15 (1993): 131–42.

29
J. Haley,
Problem Solving Therapy
, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987).

30
B. Roller and V. Nelson, “Cotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy,
ed. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993), 304–12.

31
Paulson et al., “Co-therapy: What Is the Crux.”

32
Roller and Nelson, “Cotherapy.”

33
L. Murphy, M. Leszcz, A. Collins, and J. Salvendy, “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience of Neophyte Group Therapy Trainees,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
(1996): 543–52.

34
A model for co-therapy development has been described that identifies 9 stages: forming a contract about the work; forming an identity as a team; developing mutuality and respect; developing closeness; defining strengths and limitations; exploring possibilities; supporting self confrontation; implementing change; closing or re-organizing. (J. Dugo and A. Beck, “Significance and Complexity of Early Phases in the Development of the Co-Therapy Relationship,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
1 (1997): 294–305. S. Wheelan, “Co-Therapists and the Creation of a Functional Psychotherapy Group: A Group Dynamics Perspective,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
1 (1997): 306–10.

35
R. Desmond and M. Seligman, “A Review of Research on Leaderless Groups,”
Small Group Behavior
8 (1977): 3–24.

36
Rutan and Stone,
Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy
3rd ed. (New York: Guilford, 2000)
.

37
Yalom, Tinklenberg, and Gilula, unpublished data.

38
D. Derr and D. Zampfer, “Dreams in Group Therapy: A Review of Models,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 501–15.

39
M. Livingston, “Self-Psychology, Dreams, and Group Psychotherapy: Working in the Play Space,”
Group
25 (2001): 15–26.

40
J. Pawlik et al., “The Use of Dreams in a Small Analytic Group,”
Group Analysis
23 (1990): 163–71. C. Kieffer, “Using Dream Interpretation to Resolve Group Developmental Impasses,”
Group
20 (1996): 273–85.

41
M. Alpert, “Videotaping Psychotherapy,”
The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 93–105.

42
M. Berger, ed.,
Videotape Techniques in Psychiatric Training and Treatment
(New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978). D. Skafte, “Video in Groups: Implications for a Social Theory of Self,” I
nternational Journal of Group Psychotherapy
37 (1987): 389–402.

43
D. Miller, “The Effects of Immediate and Delayed Audio and Videotaped Feedback on Group Counseling,”
Comparative Group Studies
1 (1970): 19–47. M. Robinson, “A Study of the Effects of Focused Videotaped Feedback in Group Counseling,”
Comparative Group Studies
1 (1970): 47–77.

44
M. Berger, “Use of Videotape in Group Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy
, ed. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993): 355–62.

45
N. Mayades and D. O’Brien, “The Use of Videotape in Group Therapy,” in
Videotape Techniques in Psychiatric Training and Treatment,
ed. M. Berger (New York: Brunner /Mazel, 1978), 216–29.

46
M. Ravensborg, “Debunking Video Magic,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 521–22.

47
M. Berger, “The Use of Video Tape with Psychotherapy Groups in a Community Mental Health Program.”

48
J. Rubin and K. Locascio, “A Model for Communicational Skills Group Using Structured Exercises and Audiovisual Equipment,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
35 (1985): 569–84.

49
M. Alpert, “Videotaping Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 93–105.

50
C. Classen et al., “Effectiveness of a Training Program for Enhancing Therapists’ Understanding of the Supportive-Expressive Treatment Model for Breast Cancer Groups,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
6 (1997): 211–18.

51
J. Waltz, M. Addis, K. Koerner, and N. Jacobson, “Testing the Integrity of a Psychotherapy Protocol: Assessment of Adherence and Competence,”
Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology
61 (1994): 620–30. P. Goodwin et al., “Lessons Learned from Enrollment in the BEST Study: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Group Psychosocial Support in Metastatic Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
53 (2000): 47–55.

52
I. Yalom, S. Brown, and S. Bloch, “The Written Summary as a Group Psychotherapy Technique,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
32 (1975): 605–13.

53
R. Beck, “The Written Summary in Group Psychotherapy Revisited,”
Group
13 (1989): 102–11. M. Aveline, “The Use of Written Reports in a Brief Group Psychotherapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
36 (1986): 477–82.

54
It is noteworthy as well that the last ten to twenty years has marked an explosion in narrative approaches in medicine and psychological treatments in which clients and/or caregivers write about their emotional experience and reactions to illness, trauma, and the provision of treatment. Such writing results in significant benefits that include not only subjective reports of psychological wellbeing but also objective measures of medical health and illness. (M. White and D. Epston,
Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends
, [New York: Norton, 1990].) R. Lieb and S. Kanofsky, “Toward a Constructivist Control Mastery Theory: An Integration with Narrative Therapy,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
40 (2003): 187–202. There are also reports of therapists writing letters to clients delineating obstacles to therapy during the course of the treatment or shortly after termination. (B. Laub and S. Hoffmann, “Dialectical Letters: An Integration of Dialectical Cotherapy and Narrative Therapy,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
39 [2002]: 177–83.)

55
M. Chen, J. Noosbond, and M. Bruce, “Therapeutic Document in Group Counseling: An Active Change Agent,”
Journal of Counseling and Development
76 (1998): 404–11.