The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (126 page)

43
B. Rasmussen, “Joining Group Psychotherapy: Developmental Considerations,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 513–28.

44
D. Jung and J. Sasik, “Effects of Group Characteristics on Work Group Performance: A Longitudinal Investigation,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice
3 (1999): 279–90.

45
I. Yalom, “A Study of Group Therapy Dropouts,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
14 (1966): 393–414.

46
A. Beck describes a similar set of behavior for clients she terms “scapegoat leaders” (Beck and Peters, “The Research Evidence for Distributed Leadership”).

47
D. Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory and Research
(New York: J. Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1996).

48
A. Rice,
Learning for Leadership
(London: Tavistock Publications, 1965).

49
W. Henry, H. Strupp, S. Butler, T. Schacht, and J. Binder, “Effects of Training in Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy: Changes in Therapist Behavior,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
61 (1993): 434–40. J. Waltz, M. Addis, K. Koerner, and N. Jacobson, “Testing the Integrity of a Psychotherapy Protocol: Assessment of Adherence and Competence,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
61 (1993): 620–30. W. Piper, J. Ogrodniczuk, “Therapy Manuals and the Dilemma of Dynamically Oriented Therapists and Researchers,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
53 (1999): 467–82.

50
I. Yalom, P. Houts, S. Zimerberg, and K. Rand, “Predictions of Improvement in Group Therapy: An Exploratory Study,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
17 (1967): 159–68.

51
L. Lothstein, “The Group Psychotherapy Dropout Phenomenon Revisited,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
135 (1978): 1492–95.

52
W. Stone, M. Blase, and J. Bozzuto, “Late Dropouts from Group Therapy,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
34 (1980): 401–13.

53
W. Stone and S. Rutan, “Duration of Treatment in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
34 (1984): 101–17. R. MacNair and J. Corazzini, “Clinical Factors Influencing Group Therapy Dropout,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice and Training
31 (1994): 352–61.

54
S. Budman, A. Demby, and M. Randall, “Short-Term Group Psychotherapy: Who Succeeds, Who Fails,”
Group
4 (1980): 3–16. H. Roback and M. Smith, “Patient Attrition in Dynamically Oriented Treatment Groups,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
144 (1987): 426–43. W. Piper et al., “A Comparative Study of Four Forms of Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
52 (1984): 268–79. M. McCallum, W. Piper, and A. Joyce, “Dropping Out from Short-Term Therapy,”
Psychotherapy
29 (1992): 206–15.

55
R. Tolman and G. Bhosley, “A Comparison of Two Types of Pregroup Preparation for Men Who Batter,”
Journal of Social Services Research
13 (1990): 33–44. S. Stosny, “Shadows of the Heart: A Dramatic Video for the Treatment Resistance of Spouse Abuse,”
Social Work
39 (1994): 686–94.

56
C. Taft, C. Murphy, J. Elliott, and T. Morrel, “Attendance-Enhancing Procedures in Group Counseling for Domestic Abusers,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
48 (2001): 51–60.

57
Stone et al., “Late Dropouts.”

58
W. Piper, M. McCallum, A. Joyce, J. Rosie, and J. Ogrodniczuk, “Patient Personality and Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy for Complicated Grief,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 525–52.

59
Yalom, “A Study of Group Therapy Dropouts.”

60
Lothstein, “The Group Psychotherapy Dropout Phenomenon Revisited.”

61
H. Bernard, “Guidelines to Minimize Premature Terminations,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989
)
: 523–29. H. Roback, “Adverse Outcomes in Group Psychotherapy: Risk Factors, Prevention and Research Directions,”
Journal of Psychotherapy, Practice, and Research
, 9 (2000): 113–22.

62
Yalom, “A Study of Group Therapy Dropouts.”

63
M. McCallum, W. Piper, J. Ogrodniczuk, and A. Joyce, “Early Process and Dropping Out from Short-term Group Therapy for Complicated Grief,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Practice and Research
6 (2002): 243–54. L. Samstag, S. Batchelder, J. Muran, J. Safran, A. Winston, “Early Identification of Treatment Failures in Short-Term Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
7 (1998): 126–43.

64
J. Weinberg, “On Adding Insight to Injury,”
Gerontologist
16 (1976): 4–10.

65
M. Leszcz and P. Goodwin, “The Rationale and Foundations of Group Psychotherapy for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 245–73.

66
S. Foulkes and E. Anthony,
Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1957).

67
L. Rosenthal, “The New Member: ‘Infanticide’ in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
42 (1992): 277–86.

68
B. Rasmussen, “Joining Group Psychotherapy.” E. Shapiro and R. Ginzberg, “The Persistently Neglected Sibling Relationship and Its Applicability to Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 327–41.

69
R. Crandall, “The Assimilation of Newcomers into Groups,”
Small Group Behavior
9 (1978): 331–37.

CHAPTER 12

1
K. MacKenzie,
Time-Managed Group Psychotherapy: Effective Clinical Applications
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1997). A. Berman and H. Weinberg, “The Advanced-Stage Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 498–518.

2
J. Silverstein, “Acting Out in Group Therapy: Avoiding Authority Struggles,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 31–45.

3
R. White and R. Lippit, “Leader Behavior and Member Reaction in Three ‘Social Climates,’” in
Group Dynamics: Research and Theory
, ed. D. Cartwright and A. Zander (New York: Row, Peterson, 1962), 527–53.

4
G. Hodson, R. Sorrentino, “Groupthink and Uncertainty Orientation: Personality Differences in Reactivity to the Group Situation,”
Group Dynamics
2 (1997): 144–55.

5
I. Yalom, “A Study of Group Therapy Dropouts,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
14 (1966): 393–414.

6
S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,
in S. Freud,
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
vol. 18 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 69–143. I. Yalom, “Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego: A Review,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
24 (1974): 67–82.

7
I. Yalom and P. Houts, unpublished data, 1965.

8
Y. Agazarian, “Contemporary Theories of Group Psychotherapy: A Systems Approach to the Group-as-a-Whole,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
42 (1992): 177–204. G. Burlingame, R. MacKenzie, B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Change,” in
Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change,
5th Ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2004), 647–96.

9
M. Dubner, “Envy in the Group Therapy Process,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 519–31.

10
J. Kelly Moreno, “Group Treatment for Eating Disorders,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy
, ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994): 416–57. J. Bohanske and R. Lemberg, “An Intensive Group Process Retreat Model for the Treatment of Bulimia,”
Group
11 (1987): 228–37.

11
I. Yalom and C. Greaves, “Group Therapy with the Terminally Ill,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
134 (1977): 396–400. M. Leszcz and P. Goodwin, “The Rationale and Foundations of Group Psychotherapy for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 245–73.

12
A. Camus,
The Fall
(New York: Vintage, 1956), 58.

13
Ibid., 68.

14
Ibid., 63.

15
L. Ormont, “Developing Emotional Insulation,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 361–75. L. Ormont, “Meeting Maturational Needs in the Group Setting,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 343–59.

16
B. Buchele, “Etiology and Management of Anger in Groups: A Psychodynamic View,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 275–85. A. Alonso, “Discussant Comments for Special Section on Anger and Aggression in Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 331–39.

17
My discussion of conflict in the therapy group draws much from essays by Jerome Frank and Carl Rogers. J. Frank, “Some Values of Conflict in Therapeutic Groups,”
Group Psychotherapy
8 (1955): 142–51. C. Rogers, “Dealing with Psychological Tensions,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
1 (1965): 6–24.

18
S. Foulkes and E. Anthony,
Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1957).

19
Frank, “Some Values of Conflict.”

20
F. Dostoevsky, “The Double,” in
Great Short Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky
, ed. R. Hingley (New York: Harper & Row, 1968).

21
L. Horwitz, “Projective Identification in Dyads and Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
33 (1983): 254–79.

22
W. Goldstein, “Clarification of Projective Identification,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
148 (1991): 153–61. T. Ogden,
Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique
(New York: Jason Aronson, 1982).

23
L. Horwitz, “Projective Identification in Dyads.”

24
M. Livingston and L. Livingston, “Conflict and Aggression in Group Psychotherapy: A Self Psychological Vantage Point,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 381–91. J. Gans and R. Weber, “The Detection of Shame in Group Psychotherapy: Uncovering the Hidden Emotion,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 381–96. W. Stone, “Frustration, Anger, and the Significance of Alter-Ego Transference in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 287–302.

25
J. Gans, “Hostility in Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 499–517. M. Dubner, “Envy in the Group Therapy Process.”

26
A. Clark, “Scapegoating: Dynamics and Intervention in Group Counselling,”
Journal of Counseling and Development
80 (2002): 271–76. B. Cohen and V. Schermer, “On Scapegoating in Therapy Groups: A Social Constructivist and Intersubjective Outlook,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 89–109.

27
R. Giesler and W. Swann, “Striving for Confirmation: The Role of Self-Verification in Depression,” in
The Interactional Nature of Depression,
ed. T. Joiner and J. Coyne (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1999), 189–217.

28
Terence,
The Self-Tormentor,
trans. Betty Radice (New York: Penguin, 1965).

29
P. Fonagy, “Multiple Voices Versus Meta-Cognition: An Attachment Theory Perspective,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
7 (1997): 181–94. A. Wells, “GAD, Metacognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis,”
Clinical Psychology
9 (2002): 95–100. M. Leszcz, “Group Psychotherapy of the Characterologically Difficult Patient,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 311–35.

30
D. Winnicott,
Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment
(London: Hogarth Press, 1965).

31
L. Ormont, “The Leader’s Role in Dealing with Aggression in Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
34 (1984): 553–72.

32
E. Berne,
Games People Play
(New York: Grove Press, 1964).

33
M. Leszcz and J. Malat, “The Interpersonal Model of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Praxis der Gruppenpsychotherapie
, ed. V. Tschuschke (Frankfurt: Thieme, 2001), 355–69.

34
M. Livingston, “Vulnerability, Tenderness and the Experiences of Self-Object Relationship: A Self Psychological View of Deepening Curative Process in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 19–40.

35
V. Tschuschke and R. Dies, “Intensive Analysis of Therapeutic Factors and Outcome in Long-Term In-Patient Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 185–208. G. Burlingame, R. MacKenzie, B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment.”

36
V. Tschuschke and R. Dies, “Intensive Analysis of Therapeutic Factors and Outcome in Long-Term In-Patient Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 185–208. G. Burlingame, A. Fuhriman, and L. Johnson, “Cohesion in Group Therapy,” in
A Guide to Psychotherapy Relationships That Work,
ed. J. Norcross (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002), 71–88.