The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (123 page)

44
S. Foulkes and E. Anthony,
Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1957). G. Bach,
Intensive Group Therapy
(New York: Ronald Press, 1954).

45
W. Stone, M. Parloff, and J. Frank, “The Use of Diagnostic Groups in a Group Therapy Program,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
4 (1954): 274–84.

46
W. Stone and E. Klein, “The Waiting-List Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
49 (1999): 417–28.

47
E. Klein, W. Stone, D. Reynolds, and J. Hartman, “A Systems Analysis of the Effectiveness of Waiting List Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 417–23.

48
W. Piper and M. Marrache, “Selecting Suitable Patients: Pretraining for Group Therapy as a Method for Group Selection,”
Small Group Behavior
12 (1981): 459–74.

49
J. Connelly and W. Piper, “An Analysis of Pretraining Work Behavior as a Composition Variable in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 173–89.

50
H. Sullivan,
The Psychiatric Interview
(New York: Norton, 1954).

51
G. Klerman, M. Weissman, B. Rounsaville, and E. Chevron,
Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression
(New York: Basic Books, 1984). McCullough,
Treatment for Chronic Depression.

52
F. Powdermaker and J. Frank,
Group Psychotherapy
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), 553–64.

53
This framework is a central component of a number of contemporary psychotherapy approaches. It may be alternately identified as the client’s “plan” (J. Weiss,
How Psychotherapy Works: Process and Technique
[New York: Guilford Press, 1993]) or “cognitive-interpersonal schema” (J. Safran and Z. Segal,
Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Therapy
[New York: Basic Books, 1990]). M. Leszcz and J. Malat, “The Interpersonal Model of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Praxis der Gruppenpsychotherapie,
ed. V. Tschuschke (Frankfurt: Thieme, 2001), 355–69. D. Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory and Research
(New York: Wiley, 1996).

54
G. Burlingame, A. Fuhriman, and J. Johnson, “Cohesion in Group Psychotherapy,” in
A Guide to Psychotherapy Relationships and Work,
ed. J. Norcross (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002): 71–88.

55
M. Nitsun, “The Future of the Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 455–72.

56
M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles,
Encounter Groups: First Facts
(New York: Basic Books, 1972).

57
A. Francis, J. Clarkin, and J. Morachi, “Selection Criteria for Outpatient Group Psychotherapy,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
31 (1980): 245–250. J. Best, P. Jones, and A. Paton, “The Psychotherapeutic Value of a More Homogeneous Group Composition,”
International Journal of Social Psychiatry
27 (1981): 43–46. J. Melnick and M. Woods, “Analysis of Group Composition Research and Theory for Psychotherapeutic and Growth Oriented Groups,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
12 (1976): 493–513.

58
G. Burlingame, A. Fuhriman, and J. Johnson, “Cohesion in Group Psychotherapy.”

59
M. Siebert and W. Dorfman, “Group Composition and Its Impact on Effective Group Treatment of HIV and AIDS Patients,”
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
7 (1995): 317–34.

60
M. Esplen et al., “A Multi-Centre Phase II Study of Supportive-Expressive Group Therapy for Women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations,”
Cancer
(2004): 2237–2342.

61
Foulkes and Anthony,
Group Psychotherapy,
94.

62
I. Yalom et al., “Prediction of Improvement in Group Therapy,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
17 (1967): 159–68. I. Yalom et al., “Preparation of Patients for Group Therapy: A Controlled Study,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
17 (1967): 416–27. A. Sklar et al., “Time-Extended Group Therapy: A Controlled Study,”
Comparative Group Studies
(1970): 373–86. I. Yalom and K. Rand, “Compatibility and Cohesiveness in Therapy Groups,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
13 (1966): 267–76.

63
F. Rabinowitz, “Group Therapy for Men,” in
The New Handbook of Psychotherapy and Counseling with Men: A Comprehensive Guide to Settings, Problems, and Treatment Approaches,
vol. 2, ed. G. Brooks and G. Good (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001), 603–21. L. Holmes, “Women in Groups and Women’s Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 171–88.

64
Ibid. F. Wright and L. Gould, “Research on Gender-Linked Aspects of Group Behaviors: Implications for Group Psychotherapy,” in
Women and Group Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice,
ed. B. DeChant (New York: Guilford Press, 1996), 333–50. J. Ogrodniczuk, W. Piper, and A. Joyce, “Differences in Men’s and Women’s Responses to Short-Term Group Psychotherapy,”
Psychotherapy Research
14 (2004): 231–43.

65
T. Newcomb, “The Prediction of Interpersonal Attraction,”
American Psychology
11 (1956): 575–86.

66
M. Lieberman, “The Relationship of Group Climate to Individual Change,” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1958.

67
C. Fairbairn et al., “Psychotherapy and Bulimia Nervosa,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
50 (1993): 419–28. D. Wilfley et al., “Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Nonpurging Bulimic Individual: A Controlled Comparison,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
61 (1993): 296–305.

CHAPTER 1 0

1
N. Taylor, G. Burlingame, K. Kristensen, A. Fuhriman, J. Johansen, and D. Dahl, “A Survey of Mental Health Care Providers’ and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward Familiarity With, and Use of Group Interventions,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 243–63. S. Rosenberg and C. Zimet, “Brief Group Treatment and Managed Health Care,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 367–79. P. Cox, F. Ilfeld, B. Ilfeld, and C. Brennan, “Group Therapy Program Development: Clinician-Administrator Collaborations in New Practice Settings,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 3–24.

2
S. Green and S. Bloch, “Working in a Flawed Mental Health Care System: An Ethical Challenge,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
158 (2001): 1378–83.

3
K. Long, L. Pendleton, B. Winter, “Effects of Therapist Termination on Group Process”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
, 38 (1988): 211–22.

4
B. Donovan, A. Padin-Rivera, and S. Kowaliw, “Transcend: Initial Outcomes from a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder/Substance Abuse Treatment Program,”
Journal of Traumatic Stress
14 (2001): 757–72. S. Lash, G. Petersen, E. O’Connor, and L. Lahmann, “Social Reinforcement of Substance Abuse Aftercare Group Therapy Attendance,”
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
20 (2001): 3–8. M. Leszcz, “Geriatric Group Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry,
ed. J. Sadavoy, L. Jarvik, G. Grossberg, and B. Meyers (New York: Norton, 2004), 1023–54.

5
K. MacKenzie, “Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 41–60.

6
S. Budman,
Treating Time Effectively
(New York: Guilford Press, 1994).

7
R. Weigel, “The Marathon Encounter Group: Vision or Reality: Exhuming the Body for a Last Look,”
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research
54 (2002): 186–298.

8
F. Stoller, “Accelerated Interaction: A Time-Limited Approach Based on the Brief Intensive Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
18 (1968): 220–35.

9
G. Bach, “Marathon Group Dynamics,”
Psychological Reports
20 (1967): 1147–58.

10
A. Rachman, “Marathon Group Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Group Psychoanalysis and Process
2 (1969): 57–74.

11
F. Stoller, “Marathon Group Therapy,” in
Innovations to Group Psychotherapy,
ed. G. Gazda (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1968), 71.

12
G. Bach and F. Stoller, “The Marathon Group,” cited in N. Dinges and R. Weigel, “The Marathon Group: A Review of Practice and Research,”
Comparative Group Studies
2 (1971): 339–458.

13
M. Gendron, “Effectiveness of the Intensive Group Process–Retreat Model in the Treatment of Bulimia,”
Group
16 (1992): 69–78.

14
C. Edmonds, G. Lockwood, and A. Cunningham, “Psychological Response to Long-Term Group Therapy: A Randomized Trial with Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients,”
Psycho-Oncology
8 (1999): 74–91. Weigel, “The Marathon Encounter.”

15
S. Asch, “Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments,” in
Group Dynamics: Research and Theory,
ed. D. Cartwright and A. Zander (New York: Harper and Row, 1960): 189–201.

16
T. Loomis, “Marathon vs. Spaced Groups: Skin Conductance and the Effects of Time Distribution on Encounter Group Learning,”
Small Group Behavior
19 (1988): 516–27.

17
C. Winnick and A. Levine, “Marathon Therapy: Treating Rape Survivors in a Therapeutic Community,”
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
24 (1992): 49–56.

18
R. Page, B. Richmond, and M. de La Serna, “Marathon Group Counseling with Illicit Drug Abusers: Effects on Self-Perceptions,”
Small Group Behavior
14 (1987): 483–97. N. Dinges and R. Weigel, “The Marathon Group: A Review of Practice and Research,”
Comparative Group Studies
2 (1971): 220–35. P. Kilmann and W. Sotile, “The Marathon Encounter Group: A Review of the Outcome Literature,”
Psychological Bulletin
83 (1976): 827–50.

19
A. Sklar et al., “Time-Extended Group Therapy: A Controlled Study,”
Comparative Group Studies
1 (1970): 373–86.

20
Thus, during their first sixteen meetings, each group had one six-hour session and fifteen meetings of conventional length (ninety minutes). Tape recordings of the second, sixth, tenth, twelfth, and sixteenth meetings were analyzed to classify the verbal interaction. Postgroup questionnaires measuring members’ involvement with the group and with each other were obtained at these same meetings. The Hill Interaction Matrix method of scoring interaction was used. The middle thirty minutes of the meeting were systematically evaluated by two trained raters who were naive about the design of the study. (The six-hour meeting itself was not analyzed, since we were interested primarily in studying its effect on the subsequent course of therapy.) (W. Hill,
HIM: Hill Interaction Matrix
[Los Angeles: Youth Study Center, University of Southern California, 1965].)

21
B. Jones reports similar findings in a study of three ongoing therapy groups, two of which had weekend marathons (B. Jones, “The Effect of a Marathon Experience upon Ongoing Group Therapy,”
Dissertation Abstracts
[1977]: 3887-B).

22
I. Yalom et al., “The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual Therapy,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
34 (1977): 399–415.

23
I. Yalom et al., ibid.

24
Taylor et al., “A Survey of Mental Health Care Providers.”

25
M. Koss and J. Butchner, “Research on Brief Therapy,” in
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Analysis,
3rd ed., ed. S. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1986), 626.

26
K. MacKenzie, “Where Is Here and When Is Now? The Adaptational Challenges of Mental Health Reform for Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 407–20. D. Wilfley, K. MacKenzie, R. Welch, V. Ayres, and M. Weissman,
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

27
S. Budman and A. Gurman,
Theory and Practice of Brief Therapy
(New York: Guilford Press, 1988), 248.

28
S. Budman,
Treating Time Effectively.

29
K. Howard, S. Kopta, and M. Krause, “The Dose-Effect Relationship in Psychotherapy,”
American Psychologist
41 (1986): 159–64.

30
S. Kopta, K. Howard, J. Lowry, and L. Beutler, “Patterns of Symptomatic Recovery in Time-Limited Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology
62 (1994): 1009–16. S. Kadera, M. Lambert, and A. Andrew, “How Much Therapy Is Really Enough? A Session-By-Session Analysis of the Psychotherapy Dose-Effect Relationship,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 132–51.

31
N. Doidge, B. Simon, L. Gillies, and R. Ruskin, “Characteristics of Psychoanalytic Patients Under a Nationalized Health Plan: DSM-III-R Diagnoses, Previous Treatment, and Childhood Trauma,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
151 (1994): 586–90.

32
R. Klein, “Short-Term Group Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy,
ed. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993), 257–70. K. MacKenzie, “Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy.”

33
S. Budman, S. Cooley, A. Demby, G. Koppenaal, J. Koslof, and T. Powers, “A Model of Time-Effective Group Psychotherapy for Patients with Personality Disorders,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 315–24. K. MacKenzie, “Where Is Here and When Is Now?” K. MacKenzie,
Time-Managed Group Psychotherapy: Effective Clinical Applications
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1997).