The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial Between Cross & Crescent (46 page)

4
K. Holter, ‘Türkische Urkunden für Bruck an der Leitha aus dem Jahre 1683’, in
Unsere Heimat,
ix. (1936), pp. 268–79.

5
Kleinschroth,
Flucht und Zuflucht,
pp. 206–9, 222, 234.

6
Franconian troops also did a great deal of damage on the Sinzendorf lands two months later, on their way to Vienna. M. Kroissmayr, ‘Geschichte der Herrschaft Walpersdorf’,
Jb. für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich,
iii. (1904), pp. 159–226.

7
Cf.
Unsere Heimat,
xxvi. 160–9.

8
N.Q.,
pp. 21–8; 80–93;
KJ.,
pp. 160;
Acta,
pp. 175, 178.

9
Newald, ii. 94.

10
K.J.,
p. 81;
Acta,
pp. 181–5.

11
Acta,
pp. 180, 192, 201–2; Newald, i. 124–5.

12
Thaly,
Késmárki Thököly Imre Naplói
(Budapest, 1868–73), ii. 5–9, 38–40, 60. See the map, p. 132 above.

13
Kreutel, pp. 147–8;
M.M.,
pp. 677–9.

14
K.J.,
pp. 82–92;
Acta,
pp. 202–10.

15
K.J.,
pp. 88–92;
Acta,
pp. 267–8.

16
Newald, i. 175–6;
Acta,
p. 275.

17
For this mission see p. 126 below.

18
N.Q.,
pp. 26, 28.

19
Renner, pp. 404–7. Some particulars about these places can be gleaned from
J. M. Korabinsky,
Geographisches-Historisches und Produkten Lexikon von Ungarn
(Pressburg, 1786).

20
N.Q.,
p.87.

21
W. Sturminger, ‘Die Kundschaften zur Zeit der zweiten Türkenbelagerung Wiens im Jahre 1681’,
Festschrift zur Feier des 200-jährigen Bestandes des Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs,
ii. (1951), pp. 349–69.

22
Hocke, p. 53;
K.J.,
pp. 165–6; Newald. i. 135; Kreutel, p. 47.

23
K.J.,
p. 176; Newald, i. 141–2; Hocke, p. 91.

24
Maurer,
Kollonitsch,
p. 158.

25
N.Q.,
pp. 27, 91.

26
Duncker, ‘Drei Berichte aus der belagerten Wien, 1683’, in
Mitt, des K.K. Kriegs-Archivs,
1893, pp. 265–72. For Koltschitzki see K. Teply, ‘Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien’,
Forschung und Beiträge zu Wiener Stadtgeschichte,
6 (1980).

27
See pp. 38, 102 above.

28
Acta,
pp. 218–3; Klopp, pp. 233–5. Cf.
True Copy of a Letter from Count Starhemberg to the Duke of Lorraine . . . 18th August, 1683
(London, 1683).

29
Klopp, pp. 239–41.

30
Sturminger,
art. cit.,
p. 361.

31
Bojani, 694 ff.

32
A.ö.G.,
lxxxvi. 219–39.

33
Newald, ii. 53–62.

34
The instructions to his commanding officer for the campaign ‘in Hungary’ are dated as early as 21 July. C. Staudinger,
Das K. Bayerische II Infanterie-Regiment ‘Kronprinz’ 1682
–
1882
(Munich, 1882–7), i. Appendix 8.

35
G. Rauchbar,
Leben und Thaten des Fürsten Georg Friedrich von Waldeck
(Arolsen, 1870–2), ii. 247–50; P. Hassel and Vitzthum v. Eckstädt,
Zur Geschichte des Türkenkrieges im Jahre 1683
(Dresden, 1883), pp. 138–9.
K.J.,
p. 234, gives totals of 7,000 foot and 2,500 horse.

36
A.ö.G.,
lxxxvi. 226, 229, 232;
Acta,
pp. 199–200.

37
N.Q,
81 ff; Camesina, Supplement, pp. 194–200; Newald, i. 125–6, 175 and ii. 56; Klopp, pp. 283–4.

38
Newald, i. 124.

39
Camesina, Supplement, pp. 197–8.

40
Klopp, p. 283.

41
N.Q.,
p. 95.

42
A.ö.G.
lxxxvi. 236.

43
Klopp, pp. 281–2; J. Kukuljević,
Jura regna Croatiae, Dalmatiae, et Slavoniae,
i. (Zagreb, 1862), pp. 350–7.

44
Newald, i. 149 ff; ii. 28.

45
Klopp, pp. 235–6;
MS.
Relatione particolare (see note 48, p. 204 above).

46
An English newsletter-writer, then at Passau, interviewed Caprara on 15 August. Caprara said that the Emperor’s soldiers had ferried him over the Danube. B.L. Additional
MS.
41838, f. 215.

Chapter 7: Warsaw, Berlin, Dresden and Regensburg

1
Acta historica,
vii. 370–2.

2
Bojani, pp. 675–9, 682–3; M. Kukiel, ‘Polski wysilek zbrojny roku 1683’,
Kwartalnik historyczny,
xlvii. (1933), p. 164.

3
Acta,
p. 150;
Acta historica,
vii. 369.

4
Acta
, pp. 161–2;
Acta historica,
vii. 361–8.

5
See pp. 72, 76–7 above

6
Bojani, p. 685.

7
Acta, p. 164. See also p. 84 above.

8
Bojani, pp. 696–7, 703;
Acta,
pp. 176–91, 233–4.

9
Acta,
p. 294.

10
M. Kukiel (art. cit., p. 163) calculates that Leopold’s subsidy did not amount to more than seven per cent of the total Polish and Lithuanian military budget in 1683–4; but the subsidy was ready money, and the taxes were not.

11
Acta,
pp. 151–2, 176–9.

12
Ibid. p. 168.

13
Ibid. pp. 187–9. It is curious that Lorraine’s first letter, to which this is an answer, has not survived when a number of copies seem to have been made of other parts of the correspondence, but Sobieski is certainly not answering, in his first paragraph, any document now extant. Even more curious, Lorraine replies later that his original letter has not been properly understood by the King.

14
F. P. Dalérac,
Anecdotes de Pologne
(Amsterdam, 1699), i. 117–18.

15
Acta,
pp. 181–190.

16
P. Dupont,
Mémoires
(ed. Janicki, Warsaw, 1885), pp. 102, 125;
Acta,
pp. 216, 229, 243.

17
Acta,
p. 243.

18
Bojani, pp. 703–4;
Acta,
p. 617; Dalérac, i. 115 ff.

19
Acta,
pp. 244, 260; Newald, ii. 84.

20
B. Brulig, ‘Bericht über die Belagerung . . . 1683’,
A.ö.G.,
iv (1850), pp. 425–6;
Acta,
p. 580.

21
Acta,
pp. 233, 240–1, 303.

22
Dalérac, p. 122.

23
Acta,
pp. 243, 249, 618.

24
Acta,
pp. 580–1, 618.

25
Acta,
p. 618; Dalérac, p. 119.

26
Acta,
pp. 262–3.

27
Dalérac, i. 125.

28
This journal was issued in twenty-one consecutive numbers, giving an account of the campaign between July and October, 1683. H. Wendt,
Schlesien und der Orient
(Breslau, 1916), p. 146.

29
Acta,
p. 284.

30
Acta,
pp. 263, 291.

31
Acta,
pp. 227, 229, 241, 279, 303.

32
Acta,
p. 301.

33
See below, pp. 160, 162.

34
Acta,
pp. 318–21.

35
Historisches Taschenbuch
(1848), pp. 227, 232.

36
Cf. above, pp. 120–1.

37
Hassel and Vitzthum v. Eckstädt, op. cit., pp. 107–12, 177–8.

38
Hassel and Vitzthum v. Eckstädt, pp. 113–16;
Historisches Taschenbuch
(1848), p. 238.

39
Hassel and Vitzthurn v. Eckstädt, pp. 117–28; M. G. C. Kreysig,
Beyträge zur Historie derer Chur- und Fürstlichen Sachsischen Lande
(Altenburg, 1755), ii. 413–20.

40
Historisches Taschenbuch,
p. 246.

41
G. Helbig, ‘Kurfürst Johann Georg III in seinen Beziehungen zum Kaiser und zum Reich 1682 und 1683’,
Archiv für die Sächsische Geschichte,
ix (1871), 103 ff.

42
Historisches Taschenbuch,
p. 252; Kreysig, p. 418.

43
G. Pagès,
Contributions a l’histoire de la politique française en Allemagne sous Louis XIV
(Paris, 1905), pp. 71–2.

44
Lossky, op. cit., p. 18.

45
U. und A.,
iii. 734; xx. 775; xxiii. 1022.

46
Ibid., xiv. 1071–80.

47
Ibid., xx. 783.

48
See above, p. 134.

49
U. und A,
xiv. 1082 ff.

50
Ibid., xiv. 1091–1105.

51
Weensche Gezantschapsberichten,
i. 3
67; U. und A.,
iii. 742.

52
Klopp, pp. 272–4. Cf.
The last resolution of the Most Christian King in relation to a general peace, and the present miserable Estate of Hungaria . . . the 26th of July, 1683
(London, 1683). B.L. Cat.: 105 f. 20 (5).

53
H. Prutz, ‘Gottfried von Jena . . . 1679–87’,
Forschungen zur brandenburgischen und preussischen Geschichte,
xviii, pt. 2 (1905), pp. 25–106.

54
A French offer of 1st September, 1682, to negotiate a settlement in the Empire had expired on 30th November. Renewed in December, it expired again on 1st February, 1683.

55
Weensche Gezantschapsberichten,
i. 365.

56
Prutz, p. 71.

57
For Waldeck’s activity in the preceding weeks, see p. 123.

58
Correspondentie van Willem III en van H. W. Bentinck,
ed. Japikse, n. ii. (1935), p. 599.

Chapter 8: The Relief of Vienna

1
Bojani, pp. 733–46; Klopp, pp. 295–8.

2
Klopp, Corrispondenza, p.
27.

3
A.ö.G.,
lxxxvi. 239.

4
Klopp,
Corrispondenza,
pp. 28–30;
A.ö.G.,
lxxxvi. 247–50.

5
Kreutel, pp. 78, 80.

6
Hocke, pp. 123–4; Valcaren, pp. 66–7.

7
Newald, ii. 66–9.

8
Hocke, pp. 131–2.

9
Kreutel, p. 89. The
kethuda beyi
was an extremely high-ranking official in the Ottoman administration.

10
Valcaren, p. 76.

11
Valcaren, pp. 78–9; ii. 69; Kreutel, p. 92.

12
Hocke, pp. 174–5;
N.Q.,
p. 136.

13
Newald, i. 197–8 and ii. 120–6. The dispatch from which this passage is quoted has been used by some writers to argue that a party of burghers positively wished to negotiate a capitulation with the Grand Vezir. Newald shows that no evidence
supports this thesis, apart from the reported statement of a prisoner under cross-examination by the Turks. Certainly an ‘Armenian’ doctor resided in Vienna during the siege, but his ‘servant’ was probably Seradly, bearing a final letter of appeal from Starhemberg to Lorraine which described the events of 4 September. He was caught by the Turks, but somehow destroyed or concealed the letter.

14
N.Q.,
p. 138. This shrinkage in numbers of effectives—from 11,000 to 4,000—must be contrasted with the very small civilian losses due to fighting. G. Gugitz, ‘1683 und die Bürger Wiens. Legende und Geschichte’,
Unsere Heimat,
xxv. (1954), pp. 108–20, calculates that only 10 burghers, and 39 other civilians, died in battle or from wounds. Fifteen more, including 3 burghers, were killed by the Turkish bombardment. But many of the soldiers, like many civilians, died from sickness.

15
Hocke, pp. 162–92; Newald, i. 190–6, 207; J. G. W. Reuss,
Wahrhaffte und grundliche Relation . . . Wien
(Vienna, 1683), pp. 25–60;
Glaubwürdiges Diarum . . . von einem Kayserl: Officier
(Regensburg, 1683), pp. D–Dii.

16
Hocke, p. 193. The position of the Kahlenberg, though not its true configuration, is shown on
illustration XI
.

17
N.Q.,
p. 94.

18
Ibid., p. 28.

19
Newald, i. 92–4, 114, 158.

20
O. Uechtritz-Steinkirch,
Heinrich Tobias Freiherr von Haslingen
(Breslau, 1883), pp. 12–13; Newald, i. 175. For Haslingen, see also p. 73 above.

21
Rauchbar,
Waldeck,
ii. 258 ff;
N.Q.,
pp. 31–2, 97–9; Newald, ii. 95 ff.;
Acta,
pp. 329–33, 342–50.

22
‘Résolutions prises à Stetteldorf le 24/3 Septembre 1683’, Rauchbar, pp. 261–3.

23
Uechtritz-Steinkirch, p. 13.

24
Acta,
pp. 359, 371.

25
K.J.,
map no. 111a.

26
Ibid., p. 237.

27
Klopp, p. 294; C. Staudinger,
Geschichte der K. bayerischen Heeres unter Kurfürst Max Emmanuel 1680
–
1726
(Munich, 1904–5), i. 167.

28
These were no doubt the forces responsible for the first rockets observed rising from the Wiener Wald on the night of 7 September by watchers in Vienna. See p. 158 above.

29
Acta,
pp. 288–9;
KJ.,
pp. 240–4; Newald, i. 179.

30
Rauchbar, p. 265.

31
K.J.,
p. 245.

32
Acta,
p. 373.

33
Klopp, pp. 303–4, 552
; Acta,
pp. 646–7.