The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial Between Cross & Crescent (45 page)

21
Cf. p. 78 above.

22
K. Koehler,
Die orientalische Politik Ludwigs XIV,
p. 74 ff.

23
Srbik, p. 211.

24
Koehler, pp. 88, 97, 102, 123.

25
A. Sorel,
Receuil des Instructions Données . . . Autriche
(Paris, 1884), pp. 95–6.

26
Renner, pp. 107, 468; Newald, i. 3–19.

27
This schedule had been slightly adjusted by this date, so that the Bohemian lands paid a little less than two-thirds of the total, and the Austrian duchies correspondingly more.

28
M.I.ö.G.,
xiv. 602–18

29
Newald, i. 5.

30
Newald, i. 10–11.

31
Bojani, pp. 603–17, 616–17; Renner, pp. 104–5.

32
Renner, pp. 91–8; A. Wrede,
Geschichte der K. und K. Wehrmacht
(Vienna, 1898–1905), ii. 152 and iii. 540.

33
Wrede, i. 163, 187, 232, 256, 529; iii. 182. The old regiments stationed round Philippsburg had little difficulty in recruiting more men, who were then diverted to the new regiments. Fresh troops were also raised in Bohemia and Silesia; very few were raised in the Austrian duchies.

34
He was Prince Eugene of Savoy’s elder brother. The news of his death on 7 July 1683 no doubt clinched Eugene’s decision to leave Paris, and seek preferment at the Emperor’s court: after all, his brother’s colonelcy was now vacant. M. Braubach,
Geschichte und Abenteuer. Gestalten um den Prinzen Eugen
(Munich, 1950), pp. 22–3, 97–9.

35
Wrede, iii. 646.

36
G. A. Kittler, ‘Georg Rimpler . . . im Türkenkrieg 1683,’
Zt. für die Geschichte des Oberrheins,
xcix. (1951), pp. 174–5.

37
It is impossible, on the evidence available, to decide whether the defences of Györ had been substantially modernised by June, 1683. Kittler (in
M.I.o.G.
lxiv (1956), pp. 32–3) gives a reproduction from V. M. Coronelli,
Atlante Veneto
which, he suggests, is a plan of Györ showing the work carried out by Rimpler in 1681–3; it illustrates a most complex design of bastions, ravelins, lunettes and the like. The claim is possible, but doubtful.

38
A newsletter writer, in touch with the Secretary of State in London, expected this tour to begin on 1st February (while General Rabatta was to go likewise to view the more southerly frontier zone). But Baden only left Vienna on 28 March, ‘with many Ingenieurs, and little Money’, B.M. Additional
MS.
41838, f. 105.

39
Autobiografia di Luigi Ferdinando Marsili,
ed. E. Lovarini (Bologna, 1930) p. 39; E. Lovarini,
La schiavitù del generate Marsigli,
pp. ii, 59 ff.

40
See p. 46 above.

41
A. Winkler,
Die Zisterzienser am Neusiedlersee
(Mödling, 1923), pp. 85–89, gives additional reasons for friction between the Draskovich family and the Habsburg government.

42
K.J.
1 ff.

43
N.Q.,
pp. 12–13.

44
Newald, i. 32–3, and chap, ii
passim;
Renner, pp. 157–67.

45
Kittler,
art. cit.,
p. 179.

46
A. Schachinger, ‘Das kaiserliche Waldamt . . . 1683’, in
Jb. für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich,
N.S., xxix (1948), 170–3.

47
Renner, pp. 161–3.

48
B.M. Additional
MS.
41838, fos. 34–6, 53, 77–81.

49
Newald, i. 41–3, 264–8.

50
A.ö.G.,
xxxvii (1867), pp. 371–2.1 have somewhat simplified and abbreviated the original.

51
F. Maresch, ‘Das Jahr 1683’,
Historisches Jahrbuch,
v (1884), pp. 183–91.

52
Maresch, pp. 1911; Bojani, pp. 601–2.

53
On the other hand, Innocent XI soon showed his readiness to authorise the taxation of ecclesiastical property in the Habsburg lands to meet the emergency, and to allow the Emperor to make use of state-revenues which had been handed over to the church for various purposes. Bojani, pp. 608–32.

54
U. und A.,
xiv. 1049 ff.

55
M. Doeberl,
Entwickelungsgeschichte Bayerns
(Munich, 1928), ii. 108–9.

56
S. Riezler,
Geschichte Baierns
(Gotha, 1913), vii. 272.

57
Schnath,
Geschichte Hannovers,
i. 189–92.

58
Cf. A. Lossky,
Louis XIV, William III, and the Baltic Crisis of 1683
(Berkeley, 1954).

59
Renner, pp. 169–82.

60
It was a part of the settlement of the Sopron Diet in 1681 that the great office of the Lord Palatine, the supreme dignitary chosen by the Estates, should be restored. Paul Esterházy (1631–1705) had been appointed.

61
Bojani, pp. 157, 569;
Acta historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia,
vii (ed. K. Waliszewski, 1884), pp. 249, 255, 573, 579;
Acta,
pp. 2–3; Newald, i. 63-76.

62
O. Forst de Battaglia,
Jan Sobieski
(Einsiedeln, 1946), 157 ff.

63
The French envoy in Poland, de Vitry, although also present at Jawarów and
Stryy, was kept completely in the dark. Louis XIV was better informed from other sources.
Acta Historica,
vii. 240, 275, 277; S. Rubinstein,
Les relations entre la France et la Pologne de 1680 à 1683
(Paris, 1913), pp. 102–17.

64
Bojani, 633 ff.;
Acta,
pp. 18–87, 47–9.

65
Bojani, 588 ff.

66
Bojani, 619 ff.

67
Acta,
p. 13.

68
Acta,
pp. 22–3, 93, 156–9. The sums of money given here are in terms of Austrian currency. Cf. pp. 91–3 above.

69
Acta,
pp. 32–43, 105–10.

70
See above, note to p. 106 on p. 34.

71
Acta,
p. 124.

72
Acta,
p. 141; Bojani, p. 673.

73
Bojani, pp. 636–7, 653–5, 682;
Acta,
p. 68.

74
Acta,
pp. 80–6.

75
Moreover, the news of the conclusion of this latter treaty—in which he was nominated protector and guarantor by both signatories—stirred Innocent XI into playing a much more active part in rallying support for the threatened powers. See his letters of 12 May in A. Sauer,
Rom und Wien im Jahre 1683
(Vienna, 1883), pp. 3–6.

Chapter 4: The Threat to Vienna

1
K.J.,
pp. 13–18

2
K.J.,
pp. 14, 31.

3
Newald, i. 88.

4
See p. 59 above.

5
N.J.,
p. 11
; K.J.,
pp. 25–8; Newald, i. 88.

6
K.J.,
pp. 28–32;
N.J.,
pp. 11–13, 55–60; Bojani, pp. 669–71.

7
N.Q.,
pp. 14, 60.

8
K.J.,
p. 36.

9
N.Q.,
pp. 14–15, 61–7.

10
H. H. S. Lothringisches Hausarchiv,
MS.
50, fos. 227–34.

11
N.Q.,
pp. 62–3.

12
Le Bègue even believed that Rimpler was ‘feigning illness’,
MS.
50, f. 234.

13
K.J., 48 ff; N.Q., pp. 15, 70.

14
N.Q.,
pp. 71–5, I5–I7;
K.J.,
p. 52.

15
He refers to ‘tre guadi che esigono defesa particolare’. Lovarini
La schiavitù,
pp. 11–14, 60–2; L. F. Marsigli,’
L’état militaire de l’empire ottoman
(The Hague, 1732), ii. 49–50.

16
N.Q.,
pp. 17–19, 75–7.

17
Newald, i. 90, 94 and ii. 18–19;
N.Q.,
pp. 19–20, 77–8.

18
Flucht und Zuflucht. Das Tagebuch des Priesters Balthasar Kleinschroth aus dem Türkenjahr 1683,
ed. P. H. Watzl (Graz, 1956), pp. 17–32.

19
Codex Austriacus
(Vienna, 1704), i. 394–6 and ii. 360–i.

20
The title page of
Auff/auff Ihr Christen!
has the date 8 July 1683. The book was apparently printed in Vienna by John Gehlen, although the author was in Graz.

21
Newald, ii. 20–2.

22
For events from 7 July onwards, see L. Baur. ‘Berichte des hessendarmstädtischen
Gesandten Justus Eberhard Passer an die Landgräfin Elizabeth Dorothea . . . von 1680 bis 1683,’
A.ö.G.,
xxxvii (1867), pp. 385–409; F. Menčik, ‘Ein Tagebuch während der Belagerung von Wien im Jahre 1683’, A.6.G., lxxxvi; J. P. Valcaren (Vaelckeren),
A relation or diary of the siege of Vienna
(London, 1684), of which the original version is the Latin
Vienna a Tunis obsessa . . . sive Diarium obsidionis Viennensis
(Vienna, 1683) and other contemporary journals.

23
Newald, ii. 96–107.

24
It was a point of some importance that he added, temporarily, to that section of the War Council left in Vienna all the senior officers in the garrison, and also George Rimpler, Baden’s trusted engineer.

25
For Caplirs, see J. A. Helfert,
Der Chef der Wiener Stadtvertheidigung,
1683
, gegen die Türken
(Prague, 1883).

26
Newald i. 107–11 and ii. 35–53.

27
Maurer,
Cardinal Leopold Graf Kollonitsch
(Innsbruck, 1887), pp. 140–57.

28
Hocke, pp. 14–18.

29
For Lorraine’s withdrawal across the Danube, see also pp. 113–4 below.

30
Bojani, p. 689;
A.ö.G.,
lxxxvi. 213.

31
Newald, i. 97 and ii. 26–7; F. Porsch, ‘Gregor Schinnerers Erlebnisberichte über den Türkeneinfall des J. 1683’,
Unsere Heimat,
xxvi (1955), pp. 1609; Helfert, pp. 20–1.

32
A.ö.G.,
xxxvii 386.

33
Acta,
pp. 166–8.

34
Acta,
pp. 172, 177–9, 199.

35
W. Pillich, ‘Die Flüchtigung der Schatzkammer, des Archives und der Hofbibliothek aus Wien in Jahre 1683’,
Mitt, des österreichischen Slaatsarchivs,
x. (1957). pp. 136–47.

36
Flucht und Zuflucht,
55.

37
J. Zahn, ‘Das Jahr 1683 in der Steiermark’,
Mitt, des historischen Vereines für Steiertnark,
xxxi. (1883), pp. 67–117. Fürstenfeld is 30 miles east from Graz.

Chapter 5. The Siege

1
Kreutel,
Kara Mustafa vor Wien,
24 ff.

2
Kreutel,
Im Reiche des goldenen Apfels,
pp. 53, 216–17.

3
See pp. 34–5 above.

4
Kreutel, 30 ff.

5
At this very date one of the pioneer works on the Turkish language compiled in western Europe, the
Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium
of Mesgnien Meninski, was being printed (1680–7) in Rossau. Kreutel,
Im Reiche des Goldenen Apfels,
p. 212.

6
One eye-witness commented later: ‘Everyone knows that an encampment, set by a good general, is also an order-of-battle; but the Turks’ camp, following their ancient practice, was simply a confused mass of tents and baggage, ranged in a semi-circle.’ Hence (he says) the camp was more vulnerable than the city. Marsigli,
L’état militaire de l’empire ottoman,
pp. 75, 120.

7
G.Jacob, ‘Türkische Urkunden’,
Der Islam,
vii. (1917), pp. 269–87.

8
Kreutel, p. 32.

9
In the past, the municipality had always had the right (or duty) to man the Dominican (or Burghers’) Bastion.

10
The principal guide, quoting a vast array of older sources, to events inside the city
during the siege, is A. Camesina,
Wiens Bedrängnis im Jahre 1683,
supplemented by Renner, chaps, iii. and iv., and by Newald, i. chap. 11.

11
N.Q.,
pp. 20–2; Kreutel, pp. 36–40; Hammer, p. 401; J. G. W. Reuss,
Wahrhaffte und grundliche Relation . . . Wien
(Vienna, 1683), pp. 13–4.

12
L. A[nguissola],
Assedio di Vienna . . . 1683
(Modena, 1684), 81.

13
An
okka
is a little under 3 lbs. in weight.
M.M.,
pp. 675, 693.

14
‘Relation du siege de Vienne par un officier de la garnison’,
N.Q,
pp. 128–38. The officer in question was probably Adjutant-Colonel Hoffman, whom we have already met in the course of negotiations with Thököly. See p. 67 above.

15
K.J.,
pp. 146–8.

16
Camesina, pp. 19–70, with corrections in Newald,
passim.

17
K.J.,
pp. 143–5; Newald, i. 114–15. The Turks had exact information about the size of the garrison and knew the names of the regiments which composed it.
Mitt. des Vereines für Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
v. 40.

18
Renner, 341 ff.

19
N.Q.,
p. 131.

20
Camesina, p. 31; Kreutel, pp. 42, 58.

21
A third member of the family died of wounds a few days later. Valcaren, p. 52.

Chapter 6: Outisde the City

1
V. Kraus, ‘Herzogenburg und Umgebung während der Türkennoth’,
Blätter für Geschichte von Niederösterreich,
ii. (1866), pp. 186–200.

2
Hanns Tschánys Ungrische Chronik 1670
–
1714,
ed. I. Páur (Pest, 1858), 69 ff.

3
H. Kunnert, ‘Das Burgenland im Türkenkrieg, 1683’,
Burgenländische Heimatblätter
(1922), pp. 157–67. The Castelli dragoons held Wiener-Neustadt; a summons from the Tartars that the townsmen should buy their safety, at a price of 1,500 ‘Lion’ piastres and 60 horses, was disregarded.