The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (46 page)

described, 4

and divorce, 207-12

extra workload of, 4, 7-10, 14, 20-21, 22, 30, 246, 248, 254, 265, 270, 272

and gender ideologies, 41-42, 154, 190-92

and gender roles, 104

hired help for, 196-97 (
see also
baby-sitters and day-care workers; housekeepers)

and housework sharing, 175

impact on men, 7-8

men’s participation in (
see specific individuals
)

origin of term, 7

personal meanings of, 188

research on, 3, 271-78

and supermom strategies, 33

women’s strategies for, 192-97

self-care children, 227, 260

self-esteem, 4, 41, 42

separations, 44, 139-40

service sector jobs, 216, 237, 250

Sex and the Single Girl
(Brown), 26

sex life

and children, 165-66

and the Delacortes, 67

and the Holts, 43-44, 46, 50, 189

and indirect strategies, 193

and the Steins, 124-25, 189

Shaevitz, Marjorie Hansen, 27-28

Shaevitz, Mort, 27-28

Sherman, Adrienne, 174-81

and child care, 156

and cultural pressures, 240

and direct approaches, 192

and divorce, 205-6

and economic pressures, 218

and generational changes, 257

and negotiation of housework, 252

retirement, 261

Sherman, Michael

and career tensions, 205-6

and child care, 156-57, 228

and economic logic of gender roles, 217, 218, 223

and fatherhood, 181, 186, 187, 224-25

and gender strategies, 197

and housework sharing, 7, 173-81, 213, 214, 215

retirement, 261

and second shift work, 189

Sims, Dan, 20

Sims, Dorothy, 19-20, 21

Sims, Timothy, 20

single parenthood, 133, 230, 248-49

sleep deprivation, 10, 20, 162, 263-64, 279n2

social class.
See
class, social

Soviet Union, 24-25, 208, 259

Spitze, Glenna, 210-11

Staines, Graham, 208

Stein, Jessica

and children’s behaviors, 123-24

and class issues, 241

and cultural pressures, 240

and domestic help, 116-17, 121-23

and economic pressures, 189

family life described, 111-16

and gender strategies, 124-28

and gratitude, 118-19, 128

and marital tensions, 11, 201, 202, 208

and nurturance, 119-20

Stein, Seth

and child care, 123-24, 156, 254

and class issues, 241

and domestic help, 116-17, 121-23

and economic pressures, 189

family life described, 111-15

and gender ideology, 130, 190

and gender strategies, 124-27

and gratitude, 118-19, 128

and housework sharing, 173, 213

and marital tensions, 11, 201, 202, 208

and nurturance, 119-20

sacrifices of, 180

and second shift work, 189

and workplace pressures, 180

Stein, Victor, 112, 114, 116-17, 119-24, 255

Stein, Walter, 114, 120, 123-24, 255

Steinem, Gloria, 66, 68-69

stress, 138-39, 167-68, 216, 263

superdad(s), 17, 162, 197

superkid(s), 226-27

supermom(s)

and black women, 24

and Carol Alston, 147

and child-care standards, 225-26

critiques of, 29-30

and cultural images, 22-33, 32-33

and division of labor, 94

emotional cost of, 59-60

as gender strategy, 194

image, 22-23

language of, 55

and the Livingstons, 162, 194

motivations for, 13

parodies of, 29-30

and role models, 22

and social changes, 251-52

and Soviet women, 24-25

stereotype image of, 1

and women’s careers, 99

The Superwoman Syndrome
(Shaevitz), 27-28, 29

Sweden, 208, 268

Szalai, Alexander, 3, 4

Tanagawa, Alexandra, 79-82, 84, 87-88, 90-91

Tanagawa, Diane, 79-80, 81

Tanagawa, Nina

career of, 81-88, 91-95, 144, 249

and changes in the workplace, 250

and concerns with children, 90-91

and cultural pressures, 240

and divorce, 88-90, 203

and economic logic of gender roles, 218

family life described, 77-78

and family myths, 81, 127-28

and gender strategies, 78-81, 147, 194, 199, 200

and generational changes, 235

and housework sharing, 109, 188

illnesses, 84, 193

Tanagawa, Nina (
cont.
)

and indirect approaches, 193

and leisure gap, 197

and marital pressures, 246-47

Tanagawa, Peter

and changes in the workplace, 250

and concerns with children, 90-91

and cultural change, 250

and divorce, 88-90, 203

earnings, 130

and economic logic of gender roles, 218

family life described, 77-78

and family myths, 81, 127-28

and gender ideology, 190

and gender strategies, 78-81, 112, 125, 147, 198-200, 252

and gratitude, 84-86, 118

and housework sharing, 103, 147, 154, 173, 215

sacrifices of, 180

and second shift work, 188

and workplace pressures, 81-88, 93-95

Thoits, Peggy, 4

traditional gender ideology

and the Alstons, 154-55

and comparison groups, 52

and the Delacortes, 61-71, 71-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205

described, 15-17

and the domestic heritage, 243

and gender strategies, 188

and high-earning women, 216

and the Judsons, 140

and marital tensions, 201, 204-5

and the Myersons, 102

and patriarchal families, 205-7

transitional gender ideology

described, 15-17

and the domestic tradition, 243

and the Holts, 58

and the Judsons, 132, 140

and male share of housekeeping, 75, 276, 282-83n1

and marital tensions, 201, 204

repercussions of, 8

and the Tanagawas, 77, 83

and women’s careers, 83, 94

Trudeau, Gary, 200

True
magazine, 239

unemployment and underemployment among African Americans, 23-24

and family relationships, 266

and the Holts, 42

of men, 219-20, 223, 227

and race issues, 251

UNESCO, 266-67

unmarried couples, 5, 52

urbanization, 235-39

US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 141

Vanek, Joan, 25

wages and income.
See also
economic pressures

and the Alstons, 145

and changes in the workplace, 237, 250

and cultural pressures, 23

and economic logic of gender roles, 217-24, 219-21

and family myths, 127-28

and gender ideologies, 85-86

and gender strategies, 135

and housework sharing, 215-17

and income disparity, 14, 23, 130,

179, 243-47, 248

and the Judsons, 130

and leisure gap, 277-78

limits of economic logic, 217-24

and women’s careers, 85-87

“A Week Like Any Other”

(Baranskaya), 24-25

Welter, Barbara, 236-37

Western Europe, 3

Whipple, Thomas, 26

Williams, Joan, 141

Wilson, Katherine, 229-30

Winfield, Adam, 181, 228, 234, 255

Winfield, Art

and child care, 156-57, 181-85

and economic logic of gender roles, 218, 222, 223

and fatherhood, 181-85, 186, 187

and gender strategies, 197, 199

and housework sharing, 7, 213, 214, 215

Winfield, Julia, 182-83, 184

Woman on a Seesaw
(Cosell), 30

Women and Love
(Hite), 13

women’s movement, 5, 68, 181, 269.
See also
feminism

working hours, rise in, xiv-xv

Working Woman Book
(Dale and Dale), 29

working women

anxiety suffered by, 4

backstage support lacking for, 247-49

and class issues, 241-42

and control over time, 281n1

cultural image of, 23-34, 85-86, 106-10, 180-81, 200, 202-3, 205-7, 239-41, 255-56, 264 (
see also
supermom(s))

earnings of, 95, 103, 141, 145, 215-17, 217-24, 243-47, 257, 277-78

emotional health of, 4

extra workload of, 9-10

in full-time jobs, 2-3

hours worked by, 288n4

and housewives, 248-49

and job stress, 136-38, 216-17

and multitasking, 9

numbers of, 2-3, 12n

and preservation of domestic traditions, 242-43

research on children of, 242-43

and sleep deprivation, 10

in the Soviet Union, 24-25

trends since the 1950s, 2-3

as urbanized peasant, 235-39

workplace roles of, 9

workplace environment, 12, 14, 19, 23, 259, 268