The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (42 page)

5
. Teresa Ciabattari,
Gender and Society
, August 2001, 15(4): 574-91, Table 3. Another study based on the nationwide General Social Survey showed a similar rise in the acceptance of the equality of the sexes between 1974 and 2004. But it also revealed a pause in 1994 and subsequent flattening of the upward trend through 2004. This pause did not signal, the authors surmise, a return to 1950s domesticity, but rather a shift that Maria Charles and David Grusky call “egalitarian essentialism.” This view mixes the new (women should have equality of choice) with old (women are better with children and should choose to stay home when they can). Women can be equal, this view holds, and stay home with the children because they’ve freely chosen to do so. These choices are often premised, of course, on the assumption that we can’t reshape jobs, get more government support, and alter the prevailing notion of manhood.

6
. Scott Coltrane, “Research on Household Labor: Modeling and Measuring the Social Embeddedness of Routine Family Work,”
Journal of Marriage and Family
2000, 62(4): 1208-33. Studies tracking the years between 1969 and 1999 reported men doing some more housework (an annual 262 hours more) and women doing quite a lot less (783 hours less). The housework gap between the sexes shrank in those decades from thirty-three hours a week to less than thirteen. See “Time Use: Diary and Direct Reports” by F. Thomas Juster, Hiromi Ono, and Frank. P. Stafford (Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, unpublished report, Tables 9 and 10, pp. 39-49).

7
. See Melissa A. Milkie, Sara B. Raley, Suzanne M. Bianchi, “Taking on the Second Shift: Time Allocations and Time Pressures of U.S. Parents with Preschoolers,” December 2009,
Social Forces
, 88(2): 487-518.

8
. Ibid, p. 502. If the researchers added in what they call “secondary activities”—tasks one did while also doing other things—they found women working an extra 9.3 hours per week, or extra 20 days a year. Ibid., Table 2, p. 517.

9
. “Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries,” UNICEF,
Innocenti Report Card
7, Florence, Italy, 2007 (
http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc7_eng.pdf
).

10
. Ibid, p. 2, for overall rankings. The United States, along with the United Kingdom ranked in the bottom third in five out of the six dimensions reviewed. The Netherlands won highest marks. There was no relationship
between how rich a country was and the welfare of its children. The Czech Republic outranked the United States, for example.

11
. Ibid, p. 37.

12
. International Labour Office, Bureau for Gender Equality,
Gender Equality and Decent Work: Good Practices at the Workplace
, 2005.

13
. Joan Blades and Nanette Fondas,
The Custom-Fit Workplace
, 2010: San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Selected Reading

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Bain, Mary Jo, Laura Lein, L. O’Donnell, C. A. Stueve, and B. Wells. “Childcare Arrangements of Working Parents.”
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Baruch, Grace K., and Rosalind Barnett. “Correlates of Fathers’ Participation in Family Work: A Technical Report.” Working paper no. 106. Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women, Wellesley, Mass., 1983.

Becker, Gary.
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—–.
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Berg, Barbara.
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Cott, Nancy F.
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Courtney, Alice, and Thomas Whipple.
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Cowan, Carolyn, and Philip A. Cowan. “Parents’ Work Patterns, Marital and Parent-Child Relationships and Early Child Development.” Paper presented at Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto, Canada, April 1985.

—–. “Men’s Involvement in Parenthood: Identifying the Antecedents and Understanding the Barriers.” In
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Cowan, Paul, and Rachel Cowan.
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Ehrenreich, Barbara,
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Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Deirdre English.
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Ehrensaft, Diane.
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Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.
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Feinstein, Karen Wolk.
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Social Forces
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Gove, Walter, and Michael Geerken. “The Effect of Children and Employment on the Mental Health of Married Men and Women.”
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—–.
At Home and at Work: The Family’s Allocation of Labor.
Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983.

Greene, Bob. “Trying to Keep Up with Amanda.”
San Francisco Chronicle
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Hacker, Andrew. “Women Versus Men in the Work Force.”
New York Times Magazine
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Hall, D. T., and F. E. Gordon. “Career Choices of Married Women: Effects on Conflict, Role Behavior and Satisfaction.”
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Harrington, Michael, and Mark Levinson. “The Perils of a Dual Economy.”
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Harris, Louis, and Associates. “Families at Work.” The General Mills American Family Report, 1980-81.

Hartmann, Heidi. “The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework.”
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Hayes, Cheryl D. (ed.). “Making Policies for Children: A Study of the Federal Process.” Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982.

Hayes, Cheryl D., and Sheila Kamerman (eds.).
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Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983.

Haynes, Suzanne G., and Manning Feinleib. “Women, Work and Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Findings from the Framingham Heart Study.”
American Journal of Public Health
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Hite, Shere.
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Hochschild, Arlie. “Inside the Clockwork of Male Careers.” In
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—–.
The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

—–. “Why Can’t a Man Be More Like a Woman?”
New York Times Book Review
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—–. “The Economy of Gratitude.” In
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, edited by David D. Franks and E. Doyle McCarthy. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, in press.