The Ravenous Brain: How the New Science of Consciousness Explains Our Insatiable Search for Meaning (54 page)

BOOK: The Ravenous Brain: How the New Science of Consciousness Explains Our Insatiable Search for Meaning
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242
Arbaclofen acts to restore this balance
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244
Sleep deprivation . . . consistently fatal
C. A. Everson, B. M. Bergmann, and A. Rechtschaffen, Sleep deprivation in the rat: III. Total sleep deprivation.
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244
Sleep . . . a key ingredient in effective learning and memory
M. P. Walker and R. Stickgold, Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation.
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244
Neurons . . . need a period of reduced activity to reset
G. Tononi and C. Cirelli, Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis.
Sleep Med Rev
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245
Rise of depression related to . . . severity of the breathing problems
P. E. Peppard et al., Longitudinal association of sleep-related breathing disorder and depression.
Arch Intern Med
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245
SAD . . . light therapy . . . raise alertness levels
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246
David Gozal . . . ADHD if they had sleep apnea
L. M. O’Brien et al., Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder.
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246
REM sleep the next night increases to catch up
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246
Disturbance in REM sleep . . . depressives and schizophrenics
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246
Prefrontal parietal network . . . is . . . underactivated in ADHD
T. Silk et al., Dysfunction in the fronto-parietal network in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an fMRI study.
Brain Imaging Behav
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246
Bipolar disorder . . . ties with sleep
D. T. Plante and J. W. Winkelman,
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247
Abnormalities in genetic and molecular processes that regulate sleep
K. Wulff et al., Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease.
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247
Coffee intake prevents suicide
I. Kawachi et al., A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women.
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247
Increased coffee drinking . . . lower incidence of depression
M. Lucas et al., Coffee, caffeine, and risk of depression among women.
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247
Light therapy . . . help in all manner of psychiatric conditions
M. Terman, Evolving applications of light therapy.
Sleep Med Rev
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248
Poorer quality sleep . . . impair[s] . . . working memory
M.-R. Steenari et al., Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old schoolchildren.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
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248
Michael Chee . . . lack of sleep . . . less efficient prefrontal parietal
M.W.L. Chee and W. C. Choo, Functional imaging of working memory after 24 hr of total sleep deprivation.
J Neurosci
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248
Robert Thomas . . . studying adults with sleep apnea
R. J. Thomas et al., Functional imaging of working memory in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing.
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248
Light therapy . . . boosts . . . attention and working memory
Vandewalle et al (2009), see above.
 
248
ADHD children working memory . . . especially low
R. Martinussen et al., A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
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249
Baba Shiv . . . the difficult . . . number . . . likely to choose . . . cake
B. Shiv and A. Fedorikhin, Heart and mind in conflict: the interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision making.
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249
Clear relationship . . . poor sleep and obesity
G. Hasler et al., The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study.
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249
Reduced working memory . . . psychological cause of [schizophrenic symptoms]
P. Goldman-Rakic, Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
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H. Silver et al., Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry
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J. Lee and S. Park, Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
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249
Schizophrenics also have a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex
C. S. Carter et al., Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry
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250
Well subjects . . . Ritalin . . . prefrontal functions more efficiently
M. A. Mehta et al., Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain.
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250
Ritalin . . . schizophrenics . . . create psychotic symptoms
D. S. Janowsky et al., Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenidate.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
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250
You actually need a medium amount of dopamine
S. Vijayraghavan et al., Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory.
Nat Neurosci
, 2007. 10(3): 376–384.
 
251
Schizophrenics . . . deficient glutamate . . . knock-on effect on dopamine
M. Laruelle, L. S. Kegeles, and A. Abi-Dargham, Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia.
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, 2003. 1003(1): 138–158.
J. W. Olney and N. B. Farber, Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, 1995. 52(12): 998–1007.
J. Coyle, Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis.
Cell Mol Neurobiol
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251
Normal people, ketamine can . . . turn them into schizophrenics
P. C. Fletcher and G. D. Honey, Schizophrenia, ketamine and cannabis: evidence of overlapping memory deficits.
Trends Cogn Sci
, 2006. 10(4): 167–174.
 
251
Schizophrenics . . . ketamine . . . exacerbate all their symptoms
A. C. Lahti et al., Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers.
Neuropsychopharmacol
, 2001. 25(4): 455–467.
 
252
About 40 percent of schizophrenics gain any benefit
S. Leucht et al., How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.
Mol Psychiatry
, 2008. 14(4): 429–447.
 
252
67 percent of schizophrenic patients report [adverse side effects]
J. A. Lieberman et al., Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
New Engl J Med
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252
Anecdotal evidence . . . schizophrenics function better . . . never been prescribed
K. Hopper and J. Wanderling, Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative followup project.
Schizophr Bull
, 2000. 26(4): 835–846.
 
252
Sandeep Patil . . . created a drug that targets
S. T. Patil et al., Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial.
Nat Med
, 2007. 13(9): 1102–1107.
 
253
Single genes . . . turned on or off . . . sections of DNA . . . change neurotransmitter function
F. Holsboer, How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines?
Nat Rev Neurosci
, 2008. 9(8): 638–646.
 
254
Genes coding for dopamine and prefrontal function . . . psychiatric conditions
A. Meyer-Lindenberg and D. R. Weinberger, Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.
Nat Rev Neurosci
, 2006. 7(10): 818–827.
 
254
Genes . . . respond to SSRIs . . . pass the blood-brain barrier
Holsboer (2008), see above.
 
254
Novel brain-scanning . . . measure neurotransmitter changes
P. M. Matthews, G. D. Honey, and E. T. Bullmore, Applications of fMRI in translational medicine and clinical practice.
Nat Rev Neurosci
, 2006. 7(9): 732–744.
 
255
Healthy nonelderly people don’t gain any generalized improvement
A. M. Owen et al., Putting brain training to the test.
Nature
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