The Price of Altruism (60 page)

41.
The other two Oxford men at the meeting were the ethologist Niko Tinbergen and the geneticist Arthur Cain. Maynard Smith recalled that it was Cain who came up with the term “kin selection” though Cain himself had no such recollection.

42.
John Maynard Smith, “Kin Selection and Group Selection,”
Nature
201 (1964), 1145–47. Maynard Smith’s model became known as the “haystack model” and has excited a steady amount of discussion and criticism ever since. See Sober and Wilson,
Unto Others
, 67–71. For Wynne-Edwards’s own reply see
Nature
201 (1964), 1147.

43.
William Hamilton, “The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior,”
American Naturalist
97 (1963), 354–56. Here Hamilton collapsed cost and benefit into one variable, k, and so the equation was even simpler: k > 1/
r
. This was the only math that appeared in the article.

44.
Hamilton,
Narrow Roads
, 29–30.

45.
Sober and Wilson,
Unto Others
, 35–36.

46.
David Lack,
Population Studies of Birds
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).

47.
G. C. Williams and D. C. Williams, “Natural Selection of Individually Harmful Social Adaptations among Sibs with Special Reference to Social Insects,”
Evolution
11 (1957), 32–39.

48.
Fisher,
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
, 158.

49.
This formulation is taken from Sober and Wilson,
Unto Others
, 38–39.

50.
George C. Williams,
Adaptation and Natural Selection
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 273.

51.
W. D. Hamilton, “Extraordinary Sex Ratios,”
Science
(156) 1967, 477–88.

52.
Hamilton,
Narrow Roads
, 131–42.

53.
Hamilton, “Extraordinary Sex Ratios,” 477.

54.
The first to point this out was Robert Colwell, “Group Selection Is Implicated in the Evolution of Female-Biased Sex Ratios,”
Nature
190 (1981), 401–4.

55.
Hamilton, “Extraordinary Sex Ratios” see the section on “sex ratios and polygyny.” Hamilton did, however, make a mathematically imprecise allusion to the effect that certain optimal strategies may reflect a compromise between conflicting individual and group-based selection pressures. He buried it, however, in footnote 43.

56.
Hamilton,
Narrow Roads
, 186. I thank Peter Henderson for a wonderful description of his time with Hamilton in the Amazon.

CHAPTER 8: NO EASY WAY

1.
George Price letter to Hubert Humphrey, May 2, 1957, GPP.

2.
George Price correspondence with Senator Hubert Humphrey, February 1956–December 1959, GPP; Donald S. Harrington, “To Deal with China Crisis; Adjudication by International Court of Justice Proposed,”
New York Times
, September 19, 1958.

3.
George R. Price articles in
Popular Science Monthly
and
THINK
, March 1959–November 1960; George Price letters to Claude Shannon, October 11 and December 8, 1960; George Price–H. J. Muller correspondence, January–February 1960, GPP.

4.
On Skinner see Daniel W. Bjork,
B. F. Skinner: A Life
(Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1997); William T. O’Donohue and Kyle E. Ferguson,
The Psychology of B .F. Skinner
(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001); Daniel N. Weiner,
B. F. Skinner: Benign Anarchist
(Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996).

5.
“Skinner’s Utopia: Panacea, or Path to Hell?”
Time
, September 20, 1971, 47–53, found in GPP. See also Philip J. Pauly,
Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

6.
George R. Price, “The Teaching Machine,”
THINK
, March 1959, 10–14, quote on 10.

7.
George Price letter to B. F. Skinner, October 27, 1957, GPP.

8.
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(1840), quoted in drafts of
No Easy Way
, chapter 6, GPP. Also George Price, “The Warning from the Distant Past,” draft, probably of chapter 10, GPP.

9.
Cass Canfield letter to George Price, March 3, 1958, GPP; A. Boardman letter to George Price, August 11, 1966, GPP.

10.
Ross Wetzsteon,
Republic of Dreams: Greenwich Village, the American Bohemia, 1910–1960
(New York, Simon & Schuster, 2002); George Price passport, GPP.

11.
George Price letter to Hubert Humphrey, December 8, 1959, GPP; George Price–Richard Winslow Correspondence, 1959–1961, GPP;
No Easy Way
draft, circa 1960, GPP.

12.
George Price letter to Dr. Nathan S. Kline, October 28, 1958, GPP.

13.
George Price letter to Richard Winslow, February 29, 1960, GPP.

14.
George Price letter to Robert Latimer, February 13, 1961, GPP; Joan letter to George Price, November 12, 1961, GPP; George Price letter to Henry Noel, February 10, 1961, GPP; George Price letter to Al Somit, October 12, 1961, GPP; Fred Schneider letter to George Price, April 10, 1960, BLGPC, KPX1_1.5.

15.
Donald Ferguson letter to George Price, September 21, 1960, GPP.

16.
George R. Price, drafts of “Fallacies of Random Neural Networks and Self-Organization” and “A Theory of the Function of the Hymen,” GPP.

17.
IBM Annual Report
(1961), 7.

18.
Ibid., 6; George Price letter to Donald Ferguson, October 28, 1960, GPP; George Price letter to Richard Winslow, October 15, 1962, GPP; George Price letter to Al Somit, June 19, 1962, GPP.

19.
Graham DuShane (editor) letter to George Price, July 19, 1962, GPP; George Price letter to Ralph Graves, September 5, 1970, GPP.

20.
Alice Avery Price letters to George Price, November 1962–November 1963, GPP.

21.
B. F. Skinner, “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching,”
Harvard Educational Review
24 (1954), 86–97.

22.
George R. Price, “Some Suggestions About Programmed Instruction,” Market Requirements Memorandum, IBM, January 31, 1963, GPP.

23.
George Price letter to Richard Winslow, December 17, 1963, GPP.

24.
George Price letter to Emanuel Piore, March 17, 1969, GPP; George Price letter to John Isaacson, October 28, 1964, GPP; George Price letter to Stephen (last name not known), January 30, 1972, GPP.

25.
George R. Price, “The Climate of Invention,”
THINK
, June 1959, 24.

26.
George Price–Paul Samuelson correspondence, December 17, 1965–September 14, 1966, GPP; George R. Price, “Report on Marginal Optimization,” draft, IBM-DSD Poughkeepsie, January 1964, GPP.

27.
George Price letter to Paul A. Samuelson, December 17, 1965, GPP. Bob Solow and Andreas Papandreou both became prominent economists.

28.
Paul A. Samuelson letter to George Price, January 13, 1966, GPP.

29.
George Price letters to Fred Brooks, October 12 and 21, 1964, GPP; George Price letter to Tatiana, May 31, 1964, GPP; George Price letter to Fairfield, August 6, 1964, GPP.

30.
John C. Eccles letter to George Price, January 20, 1965, BL:KPX1_3.2, BLGPC.

31.
Donald Ferguson letter to George Price, September 21, 1960, GPP; George Price letter to Howard Klevens, October 31, 1967, GPP.

32.
George Price letter to Donald Ferguson, March 12, 1966, GPP.

33.
George Price letter to Donald Ferguson, September 4, 1966, GPP; Donald Ferguson letter to George Price, January 2, 1967, GPP.

34.
St. Hilda’s and St. Hugh’s “Reservation Agreement,” September 6, 1966, GPP; George Price letter to Annamarie Price, October 12, 1966, GPP; George Price–A. Boardman correspondence, August 26, 1966-June 12, 1967, GPP; Edison Price letter to George Price, September 11, 1970, GPP.

35.
George Price letter to W. A. Brocker, July 11, 1967, GPP; George Price letter to Heinrich Kluver, July 8, 1967, BL:KPX1_1.4, BLGPC; George Price letter to Annamarie and Kathleen Price, November 13, 1967, GPP; George Price letter to Howard Klevens, October 31, 1967, GPP.

CHAPTER 9: LONDON

1.
It wouldn’t last long, though. The boutique closed eight months after opening, a victim of local business interests and shoplifting. The Fool’s mural was removed by civic order, but not before Paul McCartney graffitied the windows with the name of the Beatles’ upcoming new hit, “Hey Jude.”

2.
Andrew Loog Oldham,
Stoned: A Memoir of London in the 1960s
(London: St. Martin’s Press, 2001).

3.
George Price letters to Tatiana, November 11 and December 12, 1967, GPP; George Price letter to Thomas Meyer, December 18, 1967, GPP.

4.
Ibid.; George Price to Howard Klevens, October 31, 1967, GPP.

5.
George Price letter to A. Boardman, December 25, 1967, GPP.

6.
Ibid.

7.
On the New Left in postwar England see Michael Kenny,
The First New Left: British Intellectuals After Stalin
(London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1995). Descriptions of the clashes at Grosvenor Square can be found in Ian Bone,
Bash the Rich: True-Life Confessions of an Anarchist in the UK
(London: Naked Guide Ltd., 2006) and in “Mick Farren—the Battle of Grosvenor Square London 1968” on YouTube.

8.
Tatiana letter to George Price, December 30, 1967, GPP; George Price letter to Thomas Meyer, December 18, 1967, GPP; Edison Price letter to George Price, August 1, 1946, GPP; George Price letter to Alive Avery Price, February 27, 1968, GPP.

9.
George Price letters to UCL librarian, December 12, 1967, and May 10, 1968, GPP; George Price letter to UCL Medical School Librarian, January 15, 1968, GPP; George Price letter to Thomas Meyer, December 18, 1967, GPP.

10.
George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, March 5, 1968, GPP/BLGPC.

11.
George Price letter to Thomas Meyer, December 18, 1967, and January 29, 1968, GPP; George Price letter to Kathleen Price, April 11, 1968, GPP.