The Price of Altruism (56 page)

57.
J. B. S. Haldane, “Darwinism Today,” in
Possible Worlds
, 35.

58.
Haldane,
Causes of Evolution
, 71; quoted in Dugatkin,
The Altruism Equation,
72.

59.
Fisher,
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
, 163.

60.
J. B. S. Haldane, “Population Genetics,”
New Biology
18 (1955), 34–51, quote on 44.

61.
Ibid.

62.
Precisely why Fisher, Haldane, and Wright did not work out mathematical models of the evolution of genes for altruism is a matter of speculation. Some possible answers are discussed in Dugatkin,
The Altruism Equation
, 82–85.

63.
Legends are as legends go. Before it ballooned into the drunken stupor tale, it was John Maynard Smith who told the pub story, situating it at the now-defunct Orange Tree off the Euston Road in London, and with Haldane calculating alertly on the back of an envelope rather than inebriated. Bill Hamilton was angered by what he took to be Maynard Smith’s misplaced—and trivializing—memory. He had worked out the math painstakingly over two years, and it was his own comment, he thought, that Maynard Smith mistakenly attributed to Haldane.

64.
Robert N. Proctor,
Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 307.

65.
Diane Paul, “A War on Two Fronts: J. B. S. Haldane and the Response to Lysenkoism in Britain,”
Journal of the History of Biology
16 (1983), 1–37.

66.
Clark,
J. B. S.
, 209. On Haldane in India see Krishna Dronamraju,
Haldane: The Life and Work of J.B.S. with Special Reference to India
(Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1985).

CHAPTER 4: ROAMING

1.
“Class of ’44, 1050 Strong, Registers Today at Memorial Hall; Dean Chase Sounds Welcome,”
Harvard Crimson
, September 20, 1940.

2.
Roger Rosenblatt,
Coming Apart: A Memoir of the Harvard Wars of 1969
(Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1997), 94;
Harvard Crimson
, September 20, 1940;
Harvard University Directory of Students
, published by the university (Cambridge, MA: October 1940), 79.

3.
George Price transcript, Harvard College, 1940–41, HUA.

4.
Richard D. Edwards, “Harvard Views the War,” Class of 1941 Album, Harvard University Archive (HUA), 252–61, quotes on 258, 252, 255.

5.
Ibid., 259.

6.
Ibid, 260–61.

7.
Quoted in Rosenblatt,
Coming Apart
, 98.

8.
George Price letter to Gage Avery, August 1941, EPFA; George Price letter to Abraham B. Albert, August 9, 1941, EPFA.

9.
David Freeman Hawke,
John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers
(New York: Harper & Row, 1980); Charles R. Morris,
The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Super-economy
(New York: Owl Books, 2006); William J. Barber, “Political Economy in an Atmosphere of Academic Entrepreneurship: The University of Chicago,” in
Breaking the Academic Mould: Economics and American Learning in the Nineteenth Century
, ed. William J. Barber (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 241. There had been an original founding of the University of Chicago in 1857, incidentally, under the auspecies of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, but a mortgage foreclosure had shut its doors in 1886.

10.
Milton Mayer,
Young Man in a Hurry: The Story of William Rainey Harper
(Chicago: University of Chicago Alumni Association, 1957), 22; Edward Shils, ed.,
Remembering the University of Chicago: Teachers, Scientists and Scholars
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), xii; Alfred North Whitehead,
Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead
, recorded by Lucien Price (Boston: Little, Brown, 1954), 137.

11.
William Michael Murphy and D. J. R. Bruckner, eds.,
The Idea of the University of Chicago: Selections from the Papers of the First Eight Executives of the University of Chicago from 1891 to 1975
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 2; Mayer,
Young Man in a Hurry
, 61; Mary Ann Dzuback,
Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991), 74; J. L. Laughlin, “Academic Liberty,”
Journal of Political Economy
(January 1906), 41–43, quote on 43.

12.
“When War Came,” in News of the Quadrangles,
University of Chicago Magazine
34 (December 1941), 10–11.

13.
Robert M. Hutchins, “The State of the University, November 1, 1943: A Report to the Friends of the University of Chicago,” 3–4, University of Chicago Archives (UCA); “Meet the Army Meteorologists,”
Daily Maroon
, September 30, 1942, 4.

14.
“Theory, Mud, Maneuvers,”
University of Chicago Magazine
34 (December 1941), 11.

15.
Don Morris, News of the Quadrangles,
University of Chicago Magazine
35 (May 1943), 18.

16.
Martin Gardner, “All Out for War,”
University of Chicago Magazine
34 (January 1942), 15.

17.
Robert M. Hutchins, “The State of the University, September 10th, 1942,” 22, UCA; ibid., 7–11.

18.
“Prep For Mustache Race,”
Daily Maroon
, February 20, 1942, 1; Ellen Baum, “The Traveling Bazaar,”
Daily Maroon
, February 22, 1946, 2.

19.
Hutchins, “The State of the University,” 13–14; George Price transcript, 1941–43, University of Chicago, Office of the Registrar.

20.
Communication from Al Somit, May 15, 2008. George had been renting a room in the home of Professor Thorfin Hogness of the Chemistry Department until then: George Price letter to Don Fergusson, Oct. 28, 1960, GPP.

21.
“Discrimination Clauses in Club Constitutions,”
Daily Maroon
, March 6, 1942, 2; Harold W. Flitcraft, ed.,
History of the 57th Street Meeting of Friends
(Chicago: 57th Street Meeting of Friends), 32.

22.
Interview with Al Somit, December 6, 2007.

23.
Al Somit letter to George Price, January 4, 1943, GPP.

24.
Interview with Al Somit, April 16, 2008; Ellis Student Cooperative Handbook, September 1942, GPP.

25.
George Price letter to Bob Sheffield, February 6, 1945, GPP.

26.
“Coffee Shop Gone out of Business,”
Daily Maroon
, April 30, 1943, 2.

27.
“The University and the War,” official publications of the University of Chicago, 1944, 34, CUA.

28.
Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the American Bomb
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).

29.
Daniel J. Kevles,
The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977).

30.
George Price transcript; Allie Shah, “Medical Researcher Samuel Schwartz Dies,”
Star Tribune
, December 9, 1997; George Price letter to Dr. Herman H. Goldstine, October 28, 1964, GPP.

31.
George Price, “Fluorescence of Uranium, Plutonium, Neptunium, and Americium, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Physical Sciences in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the University of Chicago Department of Chemistry, August 6, 1946” Samuel Schwartz Papers (SSP), University of Minnesota Medical School, Box 12, Schwartz’s notes.

32.
Ibid., 6–7.

33.
Interviews with Kathleen Price, April 12, 2008, and April 13, 2008; interview with Al Somit, April 16, 2008.

34.
Chet Opal, “Victory!”
University of Chicago Magazine
37 (May 1945), 13.

35.
Alice Avery Price letter to George Price, August 14, 1945, GPP.

36.
George Price letter to Alice Avery Price, August 20, 1945, GPP.

37.
“Mecca of the Caffeine Addicts Soon to Reopen,”
Daily Maroon
, February 22, 1946, 5.

38.
George Price letter to Fred, August 19, 1946, GPP.

39.
George Price letter to Dr. Erwin Haas, August 17, 1946, GPP; George Price letter to Fred, August 19, 1946, GPP; Robert M. Hutchins, “The State of the University, September 25, 1945,” 28, and “November 25, 1946,” 18, UCA.

40.
Interview, Kathleen Price, April 13, 2008; Directory of University Officers and Students, November 25, 1946, 118, and June 1947, 138, HUA.

41.
Communication from Professor Gilbert Stork, January 11, 2008; communication from Professor Leonard K. Nash, May 5, 2008.

42.
Lloyd Shapley letter to George Price, February 3, 1947, GPP; Lloyd A. Wood letter to George Price, October 24, 1947, GPP; “Chess Club Takes Lead in Crucial Match,”
Harvard Crimson
, March 1, 1947.

43.
Archival materials and historical sources are on the official Argonne National Laboratory Web site, www.anl.gov.

44.
Claude E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,”
Bell System Technical Journal
27 (July 1948), 379–423 (October 1948), 623–66.

45.
University of Minnesota, Office of the President, “Request for Information,” May 9, 1950, University of Minnesota Archives (UMA).

46.
John W. Rae and John W. Rae, Jr.,
Morristown’s Forgotten Past: “The Gilded Age”
(Morristown, NJ: John W. Rae, 1980).

47.
George Price, “Transistor Work Already Started That Would Be Simple and Valuable to Finish,” draft, June 27, 1949, GPP.

48.
Interviews with Annamarie Price, April 15 and 17, 2008.

49.
George Price letter to Al Somit, February 1, 1953, GPP.

50.
Stanford Lehmberg and Ann M. Pflaum,
The University of Minnesota 1945–2000
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 51–53; Jay Edgerton, “U. of M. Medical College Had Become One of the World’s Greatest,”
Minneapolis Star
, January 28, 1955.

51.
“Conference Agenda,” box 4; “Memo,” box 10, Samuel Schwartz Papers (SSP). The eventual paper was titled, “Some Relationships of Porphyrins, Tumors, and Ionizing Radiations,”
University of Minnesota Medical Bulletin
27 (1955), 7–13.