The Mohammed Code: Why a Desert Prophet Wants You Dead (65 page)

629
The governor of Egypt was named Muqawqis. Hazrat Moulana Sayyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi(R.A.). The Seerah Of Muhammad(Sallallahu Laiyhi Wassallam): (The Last Prophet: A Model For All Time). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved August 31, 2005, From The World Wide Web: http://alislaah3.tripod.com/alislaah/id12.html.

630
The Governor of Syria was Harith Gassani.

631
The ruler of Bahrain was
al-Mundhir bin Sawa.

632
Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 363.

633
Sarwat Saulat’s
The Life of The Prophet.
P. 223.
Hazrat Moulana Sayyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi(R.A.). The Seerah Of Muhammad(Sallallahu Laiyhi Wassallam): (The Last Prophet: A Model For All Time). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved April 20, 2013, From The World Wide Web: http://alislaah3.tripod.com/alislaah/id12.html.

Sarwat Saulat’s
The Life of The Prophet.
P. 223. Muhammed H. Haykal (2002).
The Life of Muhammad.
Translated from the eighth edition by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Kuala Lampur: Islamic Book Trust. Pp: 374-379.
Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq. “Prophet Muhammad's Letters To Kings (628 Ce)” Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web. Copyright © 1990, 1997.

http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/letters.html

. Restatement Of History Of Islam: The Conquest of Khyber. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project

material selected from our Library that is particularly appropriate for those who are new to Islam. Al-Islam.org.

Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://al-islam.org/restatement/29.htm

634
Ibn Ishaq shows that he sees Mohammed’s letters as ultimatums backed by force when he reports that Hercules, the head of the Eastern Roman Empire, “gathered the Romans [the Christians of the Eastern Roman Empire’s lands in the Middle East] together” and explained that he wanted to give in to Mohammed’s demand and “follow him [Mohammed] that it may be well with us in this world and the next.” The Romans were outraged. They saw this shift of religion as more than just a matter of belief. They saw it as an Arab bid to subjugate them. According to Ibn Ishaq,“They said, ‘Are we to be under the hands of the Arabs when we are a people with a greater kingdom, a larger population, and a finer country?” Then comes the kicker, the line that indicates that Ibn Ishaq views the “invitations” as military threats. Hercules says to his people, “Come and I will pay him [Mohammed] the poll-tax every year and avert his onslaught and get rest from the war by the money I pay him.” A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: pp. 656-657.

635
Maulana A. S. Muhammad Abdul Hai. Holy Life Of Hazrat Muhammad

(Hayyat-E-Tayyaba). Al-Islam Society. (Al-Islam propagation society is a Non-profit socio-educational organization founded with the objective of facilitating the spread of accurate and authentic knowledge about Islam among the different nations of the world. Our aim is to work for proper understanding of Islam by all and to work to strengthen the moral and social fabric of the peoples of the world. We envisage a universal society which is bound by mutual understanding and brotherhood and which is honoured by the presence of Islam.”) Al-Islamforall.org. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.al-islamforall.org/litre/Englitre/Hmohd.htm.

636
A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 657.

637
Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 365.

638
A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 654.

639
Map of the Byzantine Empire around 550. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium550.png.

640
Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq. “Prophet Muhammad's Letters To Kings (628 Ce)” Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web. Copyright © 1990, 1997.

http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/letters.html
. See also A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 655. Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 364.

641
Quran Chapter 3, verse 12. The Holy Qur’an. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/

642
Quran Chapter 3, verse 152. The Holy Qur’an. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/

643
Quran Chapter 7, verse 4. The Holy Qur’an. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/

644
Aisha Bint Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyyah. Jannah.org.
Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.jannah.org/articles/taymiyyah.html

645
Imam Ibn Taymiyyah. The Religious and Moral Doctrine On Jihad. From "al-Siyaasa al-shar`iyya fee islaah al-raa`ee wa al-raa`iyya" (Governance according to God’s Law in reforming both the ruler and his flock). Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web
http://www.islaam.com/ilm/ibnta.htm
.

646
Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 365.

647
President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Annual Message To The Congress On The State Of The Union, 1958. C-Span.org. http://www.c-span.org/executive/transcript.asp?cat=current_event&code=bush_admin&year=1958

648
Abbas J. Ali and Robert Camp. The Middle East Conflict: Perpetual Jihad. Public Administration and Management: An Interactive Journal. 9 (1), 2004: ppl 46-69. Suhas Majumdar. Jihad: The Islamic Doctrine of Perpetual War. New Delhi. Voice of Dharma Books. 1994. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.bharatvani.org/books/jihad/

Robert Spencer and David Pryce-Jones. Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Facts About the World's Fastest Growing Faith. New York: Encounter Books, 2002. Zaid Shakir: "Jihad is Not Perpetual Warfare". Seasons. Autumn-Winter 2003-4.

649
The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 422.

650
In 600
Iraq
was a province of the Persian Sasanian empire, to which it had belonged for three centuries. It was probably the most populous and wealthy area in the Middle East, and the intensive irrigation agriculture of the lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers and of tributary streams such as the Diyala and Karun formed the main resource base of the Sasanian monarchy. …The first conflict between local Bedouin tribes and Sasanian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. There a force of some 5,000 Muslims under Abu 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi was routed by the Persians. In 637 a much larger Muslim force under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the main Persian army at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah and moved on to sack Ctesiphon. By the end of the following year (638), the Muslims had conquered almost all of Iraq, and the last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, had fled to Iran, where he was killed in 651. The first conflict between local Bedouin tribes and Sasanian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. There a force of some 5,000 Muslims under Abu 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi was routed by the Persians. In 637 a much larger Muslim force under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the main Persian army at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah and moved on to sack Ctesiphon. By the end of the following year (638), the Muslims had conquered almost all of Iraq, and the last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, had fled to Iran, where he was killed in 651. To cite this page:

Iraq Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 28, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.

651
The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 276. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web The Legacy of Jihad in Palestine By Andrew G. Bostom FrontPageMagazine.com | December 7, 2004 http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16235 The essential pattern of the jihad is captured in the following quote from the Islamic expert Bat Ye’or: “In the History of al-Tabari (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk), (The History of al-Tabari (Ta’rikh al rusul wa’l-muluk), ed. by Ehsan Yar-Shater, vol. 12, transl. and ann. by Yohanan Friedman, State University of New York Press, 1992) in the volume describing the conquest of Iraq by the Arab-Muslim armies, we read the recommendation given by Umar b. al-Khattab to the commander of the troops he sent to al-Basrah (636 C.E.). Umar said: “Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, (This is to say, accept their conversion as genuine and refrain from fighting them) but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. (Qur’an 9:29) If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency.” Bat Ye'or. The Ideology of Jihad, Dhimmitude and Human Rights. Lecture given November 12, 2002 at Georgetown University. In The Hoya: Georgetown University’s Newspaper of Record. Retrieved March 16, 2006, from the World Wide Web

http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/111202/view_bat.cfm

652
Yusuf Abdul Rahman. Islam and Muslims In China. 1997.Retrieved from the World Wide WebMarch 03, 2004, http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/China/

653
The Christian-Muslim Frontier: A Zone of Contact, Conflict, or Cooperation. Contributors: Mario Apostolov - author. Publisher: Routledge Curzon. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 27; The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 452.

654
n.a. Islam In Our Near North. Learning Islam. Islam Australia Network. October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://islam.ii.net/channel/near_north.html

655
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.swagga.com/queen.htm

DAHIA-AL KAHINA

QUEEN KAHINA

She fought against the Arab incursion in North Africa where under her leadership Africans fought back fiercely and drove the Arab army northward into Tripolitania. Queen Kahina was of the Hebrew faith and she never abandoned her religion. Her opposition to the Arab incursion was purely nationalistic, since she favored neither Christians nor Moslems. Her death in 705 A.D by Hassen-ben-Numam ended one of the most violet attempts to save Africa for the Africans. She prevented Islam's southward spread into the Western Sudan. After her death the Arabs began to change their strategy in advancing their faith and their power in Africa. The resistance to the southward spread of Islam was so great in some areas that some of the wives of African kings committed suicide to avoid falling into the hands of the Berbers and Arabs who showed no mercy to the people who would not be converted to Islam