The Milky Way and Beyond (42 page)

Eddington, Arthur,
72
,
75
,
76

Eddington limit,
59

Einstein, Albert,
107
,
108

elliptical galaxies, explanation of,
177
–178

Epsilon Orionis,
58

explosive variables,
73
,
76
–78

F

Fabry-Pérot interferometers,
133

51 Pegasi,
63
,
122

flare stars,
74
,
78
–79,
112

Fomalhaut,
67
,
123
–124

Ford, W. Kent,
197

formation function,
34
,
35

Freedman, Wendy,
183

G

galaxies

external,
183
–189

formation and evolution of,
16
,
165
–167

as a radio source,
191
–195

types of,
177
–183

galaxy clusters,
16
–18,
189
–191

giant/supergiant stars,
28
,
29
,
30
,
45
,
46
,
50
,
56
,
57
,
58
,
59
,
62
,
67
,
68
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
75
,
76
,
78
,
79
,
81
,
82
,
85
,
88
,
89
,
93
,
94
,
103
,
104
,
109
,
113
,
115
,
118
,
121
,
123
,
130
,
135
,
140
,
151
,
152
,
154
,
175
,
178
,
184

Gliese, Wilhelm,
35

globular star clusters,
21
,
23
,
25
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
34
,
36
,
38
,
43
–44,
70
,
71
–72,
74
,
76
,
79
,
110
,
112
,
113
,
114
–117,
119
,
120
,
121
,
122
,
151
,
165
,
166
,
170
,
171
,
173
,
174
,
176
,
185
,
195

“Gould Belt,”
36

Great Attractor,
191
,
195
,
197
–198

Great Rift,
160

Greenstein, Jesse L.,
30

Gum, Colin S.,
142
,
160

Gum Nebula,
142
,
160

H

Halley, Edmund,
114

Hawking, Stephen,
109

Helfer, H. Lawrence,
30

Henry Draper Catalogue
,
57

Herschel, John,
36
,
120
,
131

Herschel, William,
131

Hertzsprung, Ejnar,
68
,
70

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram,
68
,
70
,
92
,
93

Hewish, Antony,
106

Horsehead Nebula,
160
–161

H II regions,
16
,
90
,
129
,
130
,
133
–134,
136
,
141
–148,
149
,
150
,
158
,
159
,
160
,
161
,
174
,
184
,
199

Hubble, Edwin,
177
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
182
,
183
,
184
,
188
,
195

Hubble's constant,
185

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) distance scale project,
183
–184

Hulse, Russell,
106
–107

Huygens, Christiaan,
131
,
143

Hyades,
71
,
110
,
113

hydrogen clouds (H I region),
24
,
26
,
140
–141

I

Index Catalogues (IC)
,
131
–132

interstellar dust,
14
,
16
,
21
,
24
,
25
,
27
,
55
,
127
,
134
–136,
138
,
160
,
161
,
167
,
171
,
178
,
179

interstellar gas,
14
,
16
,
25
,
27
,
90
,
109
,
127
–129,
131
,
136
,
138
,
141
,
144
,
148
,
149
,
150
,
152
,
155
,
161
,
167
,
169
,
179
,
185
,
188
,
191
,
192

interstellar medium, explanation of,
127

irregular galaxies, explanation of,
182

J

Joy, Alfred,
118

K

Kamp, Peter van de,
40

Kapteyn's star,
40

Keenan, Philip C.,
58

Kennicutt, Robert,
183

Kepler, Johannes,
27

Keplerian orbits,
27

Kepler's nova,
154
,
156
,
158

Kumar, Shiv,
95

L

Lagoon Nebula,
161

Lin, Chia-Chiao,
24

Lindblad, Bertil,
26

Local Group,
16
,
29
,
44
,
120
,
121
,
146
,
184
,
185
,
190
,
198
,
199

M

Maffei, Paolo,
199

Maffei I and II,
199

Magellanic Clouds,
18
,
71
,
100
,
117
,
120
,
121
,
146
,
147
,
154
,
182
,
184
,
187
,
190
,
195
,
198

magnetars,
108

magnitude, stellar, explanation of,
53
–54

Marius, Simon,
195

M81 group of galaxies,
198
–199

Messier, Charles,
131

Milky Way Galaxy

magnetic field of,
25
–26,
137

mass of,
26
–28

rotation of,
26

structure of,
22
–25

molecular clouds,
15
,
16
,
24
,
89
,
90
,
91
,
129
,
133
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
137
–140,
142
,
143
,
144
,
155
,
159

Morgan, William W.,
58

moving star clusters,
113

N

nebulae

chemical composition and physical processes of,
133
–148

classes of,
14
–16,
129
–131

definition of,
127

early observations of,
131
–132

20th-century discoveries about,
132
–133

neutron stars/pulsars,
65
,
74
,
77
,
79
,
99
,
100
,
104
–108,
156
,
157
,
158
,
159
,
193
,
195

New General Catalogue (NGC)
,
131
,
132

North American Nebula,
161

novae/supernovae,
14
,
16
,
25
,
65
,
71
,
73
,
76
–78,
79
,
94
,
97
,
99
–102,
104
,
106
,
107
,
108
,
115
,
129
,
130
,
131
,
133
,
137
,
143
,
144
,
154
–156,
157
,
158
,
159
–160,
169
,
171
,
173
,
176
,
184
,
185
,
195

O

OB and T associations,
90
,
112
,
117
–119,
120
,
121
,
199

Omega Centauri,
114
,
117
,
120

Oort, Jan H.,
26

open star clusters,
32
,
34
,
35
,
38
,
71
,
72
,
110
–114,
118
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
124
,
170
,
171

Orion Nebula,
49
,
114
,
131
,
132
,
142
,
143
,
145
,
147
,
148
,
161
–162

P

Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de,
131
,
162

perfect gas law,
83
,
84

planetary nebulae,
16
,
36
,
71
,
94
,
129
,
130
–131,
147
,
148
–154,
184

Pleiades,
70
,
71
,
96
,
110
,
112
,
113
,
121
,
124
,
141

Polaris,
124

Population I stars,
28
–29,
30
,
31
,
43
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
74
,
75
,
100
,
112
,
151

Population II stars,
23
,
25
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
38
,
43
,
70
,
72
,
74
,
75
,
115
,
151
,
184

Praesepe,
71
,
72
,
110

Procyon,
46
,
50

proton-proton cycle,
85
–86,
87
,
92

protostars,
49
,
91
,
92
,
139

Proxima Centauri,
13
,
49
,
122

pulsars/neutron stars,
65
,
74
,
77
,
79
,
99
,
100
,
104
–108,
156
,
157
,
158
,
159
,
193
,
195

pulsating variables,
73
,
74
–76

Q

quasars,
109
,
183
,
193
–195

R

Rayet, Georges-Antoine-Pons,
98

Rayleigh, Lord,
81

Rayleigh scattering,
81

R Coronae Borealis,
74
,
78

red dwarfs,
56
,
62
,
68
,
87
,
122

reflection nebulae,
16
,
129
,
141

relativity, theory of,
107
,
108

Reynolds, Ronald,
158

Rigel,
46
,
54
,
89

Ring Nebula,
162

R Monocerotis,
162

rotating radio transients (RRATs),
108

RR Lyrae stars,
25
,
29
,
36
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
70
,
73
,
74
,
76
,
112
,
114
,
115
,
116
,
117
,
121
,
168
,
170
,
171
,
184

Rubin, Vera,
197

Russell, Henry Norris,
68

RV Tauri,
75
,
76
,
115

S

Sagittarius A*,
22
,
109

Saha, Meghnad N.,
57

Salpeter, Edwin E.,
34

Sandage, Allan,
30
,
35
,
177
,
179
,
180
,
199

Schmidt, Bernhard,
132

Schwarzschild, Karl,
108

Schwarzschild radius,
108

Seyfert, Carl K.,
182

Seyfert galaxies,
182
,
183
,
194
,
195

Shapley, Harlow,
21
–22,
114

shell-source models,
88

Shelton, Ian K.,
100