The Invisible Line (59 page)

13
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 95-96.

14
W.J. Minor et al. to Maj. Gen. Banks, January 14, 186[3], in
Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South
, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 408, 409.

15
Tobias Gibson to Sarah Gibson Humphreys, August 3, 1864, GLC04501.097, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; Tobias Gibson to Louly Gibson, April 14, 1864, GLC04501.095, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman.

16
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, October 31, 1862, GLC04501.019, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 105, 108.

17
Ibid.; McKinley Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 17, 1864, box 1, folder 2, Gibson Papers, Tulane.

18
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 109-10.

19
Sword,
Embrace an Angry Wind
, p. 361; “Report of Brig. Gen. Randall L. Gibson,” January 11, 1865, in
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
, ed. George B. Davis et al. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894), ser. 1, vol. 45, pt. 1, p. 702.

20
Report of Brig. Gen. James T. Holtzclaw, January 12, 1865, in Davis et al.,
War of the Rebellion,
ser. 1, vol. 45, pt. 1, p. 702; Anne J. Bailey, “The USCT in the Confederate Heartland, 1864,” in
Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era
, ed. John David Smith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 227, 237-39.

21
Sword,
Embrace an Angry Wind
, p. 386.

22
“Official Report of General R. L. Gibson of the Defence and Fall of the Spanish Fort,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
4 (November 1877), pp. 215-23.

23
“Farewell Address of Brigadier-General R. L. Gibson,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
4 (November 1877), pp. 223-24.

24
Scioto Gazette
(Chillicothe, Ohio), April 18, 1865.

25
S. Willard Saxton Journal, vol. 26, pp. 96-100, Saxton Papers; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(1988; reprint, New York: Perennial Classics, 2002), p. 72.

26
Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), pp. 153-54; O.S.B. Wall to George Whipple, December 11, 1865, American Missionary Association Archives.

27
“Colored Men Engaged in the Profession of Law,”
Daily Evening Bulletin
(San Francisco), June 13, 1885; Wall to Whipple, December 11, 1865; Amy Dru Stanley,
From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Emancipation
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 20-21; O.S.B. Wall to J. W. Alvord, January 24, 1866, National Archives, Washington, D.C., Record Group 105, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Records of the Commissioner, Education Division, 1865-71, Unregistered Letters Received and Miscellaneous Documents Relating to the Freedmen's Bank (ser. 157), Document A-10521, photocopied from the Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland.

28
S. Willard Saxton Journal, November 22, 1865, vol. 27, pp. 6-7, Saxton Papers; Foner,
Reconstruction,
pp. 208-9.

29
Wall to Alvord, January 24, 1866; O.S.B. Wall to Rufus Saxton, August 9, 1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C., Record Group 105, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Office of the Assistant Commissioner for South Carolina, Registered Letters Received (ser. 2922), Box W-20, Document A-7330, photocopied from the Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland.

30
Amanda Wall to Samuel Hunt, January 5, 1866, American Missionary Association Archives.

31
Wall to Whipple, December 11, 1865; Wall to Alvord, January 24, 1866.

32
Wall to Alvord, January 24, 1866.

33
O.S.B. Wall to J. W. Alvord, February 12, 1866, National Archives, Washington, D.C., Record Group 105, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Records of the Commissioner, Education Division, 1865-71, Unregistered Letters Received and Miscellaneous Documents Relating to the Freedmen's Bank (ser. 157), Document A-10521, photocopied from the Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland; Wall to Alvord, January 24, 1866.

1
Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, June 29, 1865, box 15, folder 26, Pettit Collection.

2
Ibid. See also Mary Gorton McBride with Ann M. McLaurin,
Randall Lee Gibson of Louisiana: Confederate General and New South Reformer
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), pp. 115-18; McSwain to Gibson, October 4, 1865, quoted in “From Brazil,”
Daily Picayune
, March 8, 1866, p. 3. See also Eugene C. Harter,
The Lost Colony of the Confederacy
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), pp. 64-65.

3
William Preston Hart to Letitia Wallace, November 20, 1865, MSS A.H196 58, Halsey Papers; Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, n.d. [1866], ser. 8, folder 21, Gibson and Humphreys Papers; W. P. Hart to Letitia Wallace, September 24, 1865, MSS A.H196 58, Halsey Papers (describing Randall Gibson's plans to practice law with Sue Grigsby's husband); “Reminiscences of Mrs. Hart Gibson,” pp. 18-20, Pettit Collection. Special thanks to Mary Gorton McBride for her help in locating this document. McBride's account of the steamboat trip appears in
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 121-22.

4
Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, n.d. [1866], Gibson and Humphreys Papers; “The Disaster to the ‘W. R. Carter,'”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, February 28, 1866, p. 2 (reprinting a letter from Randall Lee Gibson in Pettit Collection).

5
Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, n.d. [1866], Gibson and Humphreys Papers; “The Disaster”; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 120-21.

6
Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, n.d. [1866], Gibson and Humphreys Papers.

7
“The Disaster.”

8
Ibid
.

9
Ibid
.

10
Ibid
.

11
Ibid
.

12
J. T. Trowbridge,
The South: A Tour of Its Battle-Fields and Ruined Cities
(Hartford, Conn.: L. Stebbins, 1866), pp. 399-400; W. J. Minor et al. to Maj. Gen. Banks, January 14, 186[3], in
Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South
, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 408, 409; Tobias Gibson to Sarah [Gibson] Humphreys, August 3, 1864, GLC04501.097, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman.

13
Advertisements,
New Orleans Bee
, March 24, 1866, p. 1; Randall Lee Gibson to William Preston Johnston, April 2, 1866, box 13, folder 10, Barrett Collection; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 122-23.

14
William Preston Johnston to Randall Lee Gibson, March 1, 1867, box 1, folder 3, Gibson Papers, Tulane; Randall Lee Gibson to St. John Liddell, January 20, 1870, box 20, folder 8, Liddell Papers.

15
Randall Lee Gibson to J. S. Preston, May 13, 1867, box 60, folder 464, Weeks Papers; J. M. Steger to Gibson and Austin, January 19, 1871, box 1, folder 4, Gibson Papers, Tulane.

16
Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866; “The Uncertainty of Human Life,”
Sunday Star (Daily Southern Star)
, February 4, 1866, p. 4; “Testimony by a Louisiana Planter [Tobias Gibson] before the Smith Brady Commission,” April 25, 1865, in Berlin,
Wartime Genesis
, pp. 607, 609; Randall Lee Gibson to Louly Gibson, June 29, 1865, Pettit Collection.

17
William Cohen,
At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control
,
1861-1915
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), pp. 30, 32; Ted Tunnell,
Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862-1877
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), pp. 95-96, 101-2; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 124; “The Appalling Calamities,”
Daily True Delta
, February 4, 1866, p. 1. Steamboat regulation on a comprehensive national scale predates the Civil War. See Jerry L. Mashaw, “Administration and ‘The Democracy': Administrative Law from Jackson to Lincoln, 1829-1861,”
Yale Law Journal
117 (2008), p. 1568.

18
John Fabian Witt,
The Accidental Republic: Crippled Workingmen, Destitute Widows, and the Remaking of American Law
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 47-50, 134-35, 142, 146; Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866. On Louisiana's civil law tradition, see generally Vernon Valentine Palmer,
The Louisiana Civilian Experience: Critiques of Codification in a Mixed Jurisdiction
(Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2005); Shael Herman, “Under My Wings, Everything Prospers: Reflections Upon Vernon Palmer's
The Louisiana Civilian Experience
,”
Tulane Law Review
80 (2006), p. 1491.

19
Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866.

20
Gibson to Preston, May 13, 1867; Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866; “A New Accession to the N.O. Bar,”
New Orleans Bee
, March 24, 1866, p. 1; “Gen. R. L. Gibson,”
Daily Crescent
, March 29, 1866, p. 4.

21
Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866; James K. Hogue,
Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), pp. 31-44.

22
See testimony of William Carson, Governor James Madison Wells, and John Ackley,
New Orleans Riots
, H. Exec. Doc. 39-68 (January 29, 1867), pp. 156, 166, 273; Gibson to Johnston, April 2, 1866; “Benevolent Association of Gibson's Brigade,”
Daily Crescent
, June 2, 1866, p. 1.

23
Charlton T. Lewis to Randall Lee Gibson, April 22, 1867, box 60, folder 464, Weeks Papers.

24
“A New York Crowd,”
Independent
, July 9, 1868, p. 4.

25
Ibid.; “The New York Convention: First Day's Proceedings,”
Daily National Intelligencer
, July 6, 1868.

26
Ashcan School painter John Sloan, quoted in Ellen Wiley Todd,
The “New Woman” Revised: Painting and Gender Politics on Fourteenth Street
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), p. 108.

27
“The Democratic Convention,”
New York Times
, July 1, 1868, p. 8; “Tammany Hall,”
Harper's Weekly
, July 11, 1868, p. 439.

28
Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(1988; reprint, New York: Perennial Classics, 2002), pp. 338-40; Ida Husted Harper,
The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony
(Indianapolis: Hollenbeck Press, 1898), pp. 1:305-6; Gustavus Myers,
The History of Tammany Hall
(New York: Boni & Liveright, 1917), p. 216.

29
“A New York Crowd,”
Independent
, July 9, 1868, p. 4; William Preston Johnston to Rosa Duncan Johnston, July 2, 1868, box 14, folder 6, Barrett Collection.

30
Randall Lee Gibson to William Preston Johnston, June 9, 1868, box 14, folder 5, Barrett Collection; Gibson to Johnston, March 10, 1868, box 14, folder 3, Barrett Collection.

31
Gibson to Johnston, March 10, 1868; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 128-29.

32
“Obituary Notes,”
New York Times
, August 19, 1892, p. 4; John Thomas Scharf,
History of Westchester County
(Philadelphia: L. E. Preston & Co., 1886), vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 803; “Address of Mr. [Clifton] Breckinridge, of Arkansas,” in
Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Randall Lee Gibson
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894), pp. 102, 104. New York City annexed High Bridge in 1874. It is now part of the Bronx.

33
William Preston Johnston to Rosa Duncan Johnston, July 10, 1868, box 14, folder 6, Barrett Collection. See also “Alex. H. Stephens on States' Rights,”
New York Times
, July 13, 1868, p. 4. Gibson continued to subscribe to antebellum theories of states' rights and to believe in the legality of secession. See Gibson to Johnston, June 9, 1868, Barrett Collection. The 1868 Democratic Party Platform appears in Edward McPherson,
The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction
(Washington, D.C.: Philip & Solomons, 1871), p. 367.

34
Francis P. Blair to James O. Broadhead, June 30, 1868, in James D. McCabe Jr.,
The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour, Together with a Complete and Authentic Life of Francis P. Blair, Jr.
(New York: W. E. Turner, 1868), p. 463; “A New York Crowd,”
Independent
, July 9, 1868, p. 4.

35
“A Look at the Convention,”
Nation
, July 16, 1868, p. 49; Foner,
Reconstruction,
pp. 340-43.

36
Gibson to Johnston, January 17, 1867, box 13, folder 18, Barrett Collection; Gibson to Johnston, June 9, 1868, Barrett Collection.

37
Quoted in Kinsley Twining,
The Class of 'Fifty-Three in Yale College: A Supplementary History
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1894), p. 32.

38
Ibid.; see also McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 132-33.