The Invisible Line (58 page)

28
Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight
, pp. 278, 297.

29
Minutes of the State Convention, of the Colored Citizens of Ohio
, p. 11; Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight
.

30
Cochran,
Western Reserve,
p. 123.

31
Brandt,
Town That Started
, p. 50; Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight,
p. 317.

32
Shipherd,
Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
, p. 35.

33
Ibid., p. 99; Brandt,
Town That Started
, pp. 57-58.

34
Brandt,
Town That Started
, p. 58.

35
Ibid.; Shipherd,
Oberlin- Wellington Rescue
, p. 19.

36
Shipherd,
Oberlin- Wellington Rescue
, p. 22; Brandt,
Town That Started
, p. 65.

37
Brandt,
Town That Started
, pp. 65-66.

38
Shipherd,
Oberlin- Wellington Rescue
, p. 29.

39
Brandt,
Town That Started
, p. 67. The other young man walking with Lyman by the Pittsfield graveyard, Seth Bartholomew, had little interest in helping John Price. Shipherd,
Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
, p. 22.

40
Brandt,
Town That Started
, p. 65.

41
Ibid., p. 79.

42
Richard Winsor, “How John Price Was Rescued,” in
The Oberlin Jubilee, 1833-1883
, ed. W. G. Ballantine (Oberlin, Ohio: E. J. Goodrich, 1883), p. 251.

43
Shipherd,
Oberlin- Wellington Rescue
, p. 22.

44
Ibid., p. 20.

45
Ibid., p. 18.

46
Ibid., p. 24.

47
Ibid., pp. 23, 121-22.

48
Ibid., p. 177.

49
Ibid., p. 100.

50
Ibid., p. 102; Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight
, p. 132.

51
Shipherd,
Oberlin-Wellington Rescue,
p. 24.

52
Ibid., p. 100.

53
Winsor, “How John Price,” pp. 251-55.

54
Ibid.; Shipherd,
Oberlin- Wellington Rescue
, p. 18.

55
Langston,
From Virginia Plantation,
p. 185.

1
Jacob R. Shipherd, comp.,
History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
(Boston: John P. Jewett & Co., 1859), p. 89; Nat Brandt,
The Town That Started the Civil War
(New York: Dell, 1990), pp. 160-61. See also William Cheek and Aimee Lee Cheek,
John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829-65
(Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1989), pp. 329-35.

2
“The Politics of the Jury,”
Daily Cleveland Herald,
April 19, 1859; Brandt,
Town That Started
, pp. 140-41.

3
Shipherd,
Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
, pp. 113, 175. After the Civil War, misnomer provided frequent grounds for dismissing charges against newly freed slaves in the South. See Christopher Waldrep, “Substituting Law for the Lash: Emancipation and Legal Formalism in a Mississippi County Court,”
Journal of American History
82 (1996), pp. 1425, 1445-46.

4
Shipherd,
Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
, p. 42; “The Rescue Cases: Sixth and Seventh Days,”
Daily Cleveland Herald
, April 12, 1859.

5
Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight
, p. 329; Brandt,
Town That Started
, pp. 132-33, 196-99.

6
Brandt,
Town That Started
, pp. 199-200.

7
Ibid., pp. 191-92. A version of the image appeared on the front page of
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
, May 7, 1859.

8
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 9, 1861, GLC 4501.013, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; James McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, 2003), p. 393. See also Federal Writers' Project,
Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939), p. 325; Ulysses S. Grant,
Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant
(New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1885), vol. 1, in
Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs and Selected Letters
(New York: Library of America, 1990), pp. 1:187ff; and Mary Gorton McBride with Ann McLaurin,
Randall Lee Gibson of Louisiana: Confederate General and New South Reformer
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), p. 73.

9
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 9, 1861, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman. Among those traveling with Gibson were Gen. Benjamin Franklin Cheatham, a Nashville planter; Col. James Camp Tappan, an Arkansas lawyer and Yale graduate; and Capt. George Norton, a New Orleans cotton merchant.

10
R. L. Gibson, “Our Federal Union,”
DeBow's Review
29 (July 1860), pp. 31-42; see also McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 61.

11
See Mary G. McBride and Ann M. McLaurin, “Sarah G. Humphreys: Antebellum Belle to Equal Rights Activist, 1830-1907,”
Filson Club History Quarterly
65 (1991), pp. 231, 238; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 52-60, 66.

12
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 68, 91.

13
New Orleans Picayune
, August 2, 9, September 6, 1903, quoted in John McGrath, “In a Louisiana Regiment,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
31 (1903), p. 103; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 68-72; Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 2, 1861, GLC 4501.012, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 19, 1861, GLC 4501.014, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman.

14
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 9, 1861, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; Grant,
Personal Memoirs
, pp. 185, 187; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 73; William S. McFeely,
Grant: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), pp. 62-63.

15
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 9, 1861, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 72; Grant,
Personal Memoirs,
pp. 177-86.

16
Randall Lee Gibson to Tobias Gibson, December 9, 1861, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman.

17
Ibid.

18
Ibid.

19
George Washington Noble,
Behold He Cometh in the Clouds
(Hazel Green, Ky.: Spencer Cooper, 1912), p. 11; Robert Perry,
Jack May's War: Colonel Andrew Jackson May and the Civil War in Eastern Kentucky, Eastern Tennessee, and Southwest Virginia
( Johnson City, Tenn.: Overmountain Press, 1998), pp. 14-15; John David Preston,
The Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley of Kentucky,
2nd ed. (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 2008), pp. 52-71; James M. Perry,
Touched With Fire: Five Presidents and the Civil War Battle That Made Them
(New York: Public Affairs, 2003), p. 75.

20
On the “family cycle” of life on an Appalachian farm, see James S. Brown,
Beech Creek: A Study of a Kentucky Mountain Neighborhood
(1950; reprint, Berea, Ky.: Berea College Press, 1988), pp. 72-73. On wartime life in Johnson County, see J. K. Wells,
The Gathering of the Trades People: The Early and Pre-History of Paintsville and Johnson County, Kentucky
(Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992), pp. 92-94; 1870 U.S. Census, Johnson County, Ky.

21
Noble,
Behold He Cometh,
pp. 11-13; Perry,
Jack May's War
, p. 16; and J. K. Wells,
A Short History of Paintsville and Johnson County
(Paintsville Herald for the Johnson County Historical Society, 1962), p. 34. Spencer's service record is summarized in Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, p. 289. Describing his own family history, Johnson County historian Edward R. Hazelett mentioned
Uncle Tom's Cabin
's conspicuous place next to the Bible. Edward R. Hazelett, interview by author, August 29, 2005, Paintsville, Ky.

22
Perry,
Jack May's War
, pp. 3, 13-14; Preston,
Civil War in Big Sandy Valley
, p. 32.

23
State of Kentucky,
Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky: Confederate Kentucky Volunteers, War 1861-1865
(Frankfort, Ky.: State Journal Co., 1915), p. 260, Ancestry. com; Perry,
Touched With Fire
, pp. 62, 72-73; Noble,
Behold He Cometh
, p. 12; Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo,
Daily Life in Civil War America
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1998), p. 167 (drummers served as stretcher bearers); Eileen Southern,
The Music of Black Americans: A History
, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), p. 206 (blacks were musicians in the Confederate army too); State of Kentucky,
Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky: Union Kentucky Volunteers
(Frankfort, Ky.: John H. Harney, Public Printer, 1866), p. 2:498,
Ancestry.com
; see also the Centers family history at
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jude/webdoc5.htm
.

24
H. Marshall to A. Sidney Johnston, January 3, 1862, in
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
, ed. George W. Davis et al. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897), ser. 2, p. 2:1410; James A. Garfield, “My Campaign in Eastern Kentucky,”
North American Review
143 (1886), pp. 525, 527, 529.

25
Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, pp. 64-70; Perry,
Touched With Fire
, p. 78.

26
Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, p. 68; Perry,
Touched With Fire
, pp. 94-95.

27
Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, p. 68; Noble,
Behold He Cometh,
p. 14; Perry,
Jack May's War,
p. 21.

28
Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, p. 128; Perry,
Jack May's War,
pp. 43-44; Freda Spencer Goble, interview by author, August 29, 2005, Paintsville, Ky.

29
Preston,
Civil War in the Big Sandy Valley
, p. 128; Perry,
Jack May's War
, pp. 43-44.

30
See Basil W. Duke,
History of Morgan's Cavalry
(Cincinnati: Miami Printing and Publishing Co., 1867), pp. 429-45.

31
Ibid., p. 29.

32
Ibid., pp. 396-400.

33
James A. Ramage,
Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), pp. 162-66; Duke,
Morgan's Cavalry,
pp. 423-24.

34
Duke,
Morgan's Cavalry,
pp. 168-69, 437-38, 456-57; S. B. McGavran,
A Brief History of Harrison County, Ohio
(1894), pp. 52-55, quoted in Susan G. Hall,
Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862-1863
(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000), p. 233.

35
Ramage,
Rebel Raider
, p. 172.

36
Hart Gibson to David Tod, December 10, 1863, in
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
, ed. Fred C. Ainsworth and Joseph W. Kirkley (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), ser. 2, pp. 6:684-85; Duke,
Morgan's Cavalry,
pp. 468-74.

1
Susan G. Hall,
Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862-1863
( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000), p. 216.

2
Ibid., pp. 231-39.

3
Daniel J. Sharfstein, “Crossing the Color Line: Racial Migration and the One-Drop Rule,”
Minnesota Law Review
91 (2007), pp. 592, 646-47, and nn648.

4
William Cheek and Aimee Lee Cheek,
John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829-65
(Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1989), p. 385; Jennifer L. Weber,
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Hall,
Appalachian Ohio
, pp. 212-14.

5
Douglass's Monthly
, August 1863, quoted in Versalle F. Washington,
Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999), p. xi.

6
Luis F. Emilio,
History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865
, 2nd rev. ed. (Boston: Boston Book Co., 1894), pp. 6-7; John Mercer Langston,
From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol
(Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Co., 1894), p. 206.

7
Cheek and Cheek,
Langston and the Fight
, pp. 393-96.

8
George W. Williams,
A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1888), pp. 133-34.

9
Cleveland Herald
, July 24, 1863, quoted in Washington,
Eagles on Their Buttons
, p. 13.

10
Wiley Sword,
Embrace an Angry Wind: The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 373.

11
Ibid., p. 381; James McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 815.

12
Mary Gorton McBride with Ann Mathison McLaurin,
Randall Lee Gibson of Louisiana: Confederate General and New South Reformer
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), p. 108; Randall Lee Gibson to McKinley Gibson, September 25, 1864, GLC04501.027, Gibson Archive, Gilder Lehrman.