The Hidden People of North Korea (50 page)

39. “Rumor Mill” column,
Moskovskiy Komsomolets
, August 6, 2001, Internet version, in Russian.

40. Mikhail Krasnov, “. . . But It Is Our Armored Train in the Siding,”
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
, August 7, 2001, 2, in Russian.

41. Vyacheslav Kostikov, “Visit of Kim Jong-il Is Humiliation of Russians,”
Argumenty i Fakty
, August 9, 2001, 2, in Russian.

42. Yuliya Kantor, “Rain Man,”
Izvestiya
, August 7, 2001, Internet version, in Russian.

43. Aleksandr Korzun, interviewing Konstantin Pulikovskiy,
Kommersant
, August 15, 2001, 1, 2, in Russian.

44. Interfax, August 7, 2001, in English.

45. Kim In-ku, “Even after Kim Jong-il’s Departure, DPRK Media Said, ‘He Will Visit Russia in the Near Future,’ ”
Chosun Ilbo
, August 2, 2001, Internet version, in Korean.

46. KCBS, August 18, 2001, at 0500 GMT, in Korean.

47. Talk: “Shock of a Great Man,” KCBS, August 18, 2001, at 1152 GMT, in Korean.

48. “Shock of a Great Man.”

49. The edited transcripts from these tapes are found in “Kim Jong-il’s ‘Monologues’; Top Secret Instructions Given to Association Leaders,”
Gendai
, January 1, 2003, 122–34, in Japanese.

50.
Wolgan Chosun
(April 1997): 306–17, in Korean.

51. Information about decision making in North Korea is fragmentary; so far as we know, none of Kim’s close associates has defected. Several views of Kim’s leadership style can be found in a June 2004 report issued by the Institute for Defense Analyses and titled
North Korean Policy Elites
, coauthored by Kongdan Oh Hassig, Joseph S. Bermudez, Kenneth E. Gause, Ralph C. Hassig, Alexandre Y. Mansourov, and David J. Smith.

52.
An Yong-chol, “The Mystery of the Son’s Rivalry to Become Heir and Who Is This No. 2 Man, Kang Sang-chun—Kim Jong-il’s Group of Closest Confidants Wrapped in Veil of Secrecy,” Gendai
, August 1, 2003, 110–19, in Japanese.

53. Memoir by the defector Im Kyong-su, “The Inside of DPRK Ministry of Public Security: A Prison Empire of Corruption, Conspiracy, and Torture,”
Wolgan Chosun
(June 1999): 340–70, in Korean.

54. Michael Breen, in
Kim Jong-il: North Korea’s Dear Leader
, 144, reports that a representative of Hennessey confirmed that North Korea, several years ago at least, was the company’s biggest purchaser of its premium “Paradis” cognac, spending up to $700,000 a year on it.

55. Choe Chol-hui, “Jangmadang [Market] Goods Are More Valuable Than the General’s Gifts,”
Daily NK
website, February 20, 2008, in English.

56. “ ‘On-the-Spot Guidance Tours’ by DPRK’s Kim Jong-il Explained,”
Chosun Ilbo
, February 19, 2001, Internet version, in English. Also see “Number One Events,”
Chosun Ilbo
, May 20, 2001, Internet version, in English.

57. Yi Yong-chong and Chong Yong-su, “North Manual Says U.S. Aims at Leaders,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, April 8, 2005, Internet version, in English.

58. “DPRK Leader Inspects KPA Unit No. 802,” KCBS, November 10, 2005, in Korean.

59. To take one example: “DPRK Leader Inspects KPA Unit 1337,” KCBS, November 11, 2005, in Korean.

60. “DPRK Leader Inspects KPA Unit No. 802.”

61. “Legend of Love That Blossomed on the Path of On-the-Spot Guidance,” Korean Central Television, February 13, 2004, in Korean.

62. Yi Yong-kuk,
Nanun Kim Jong-il Kyonghowoniotta
[I Was Kim Jong-il’s Bodyguard] (Seoul: Sidae Chongsin, 2002).

63. KCNA, March 13, 1998, in English.

64. “Let Us Make Harmonious Homes in the Entire Country,” KWP Publishing House lecture material, May 1, 2004, in Korean.

65. Kim In-son, “He Continued to Walk the Footpaths between Fields to Guide the Nation’s Farming All His Life,”
Nodong Sinmun
, May 30, 1999, 2, in Korean.

66. Kang Chol-hwan, “One Must Pass Six Checkpoints to Enter Kim Jong-il’s Official Residence—Parodied Songs Satirizing His Habit of Frequently Visiting Military Units Are Popular,”
Chosun Ilbo
, January 20, 2005, Internet version, in Korean.

67. Koh Young-hwan, “Specially Attached Interpreter Who Defected Discloses the True Character of Kim Il-sung and His Son,”
Bungei Shunju
(August 1994): 94–103, in Japanese.

68. Ryang Sun, “Great Motherly Party,”
Nodong Sinmun
, August 22, 2005, 2, in Korean.

69. Kim Kwang-ok, “Brilliant Commander’s Field Uniform,”
Minju Choson
, August 11, 2004, 2, in Korean.

70. Interview with Dr. Roland Hetzer, Fuji Television, June 20, 2007, in Japanese.

71. “Rumors of North Korean Ruler Kim Jong-il Undergoing Heart Surgery,”
Die Welt
, June 23, 2007, 7, in German.

72. “The Enigmatic Kim Jong-il; Leader’s Mythical Birth Key to N. Korean Regime,”
Daily Yomiuri
, February 24, 2004, Internet version, in English.

73. The cost has been variously estimated at between $100 million and $890 million.

74. KCBS, July 19, 2000, in Korean.

75. KCBS, October 23, 2000, in Korean.

76. “Wonder Takes Place,” KCNA, July 8, 2001, in English.

77. “Kimjongilia Estimated As King of Flowers,” KCNA, February 2, 2005, in English.

78. KCBS, April 21, 2003, in Korean.

79. “Wonders on February Holiday,” KCNA, February 19, 2001, in English.

80. Cho Chong-chol, “Military-First Teleporting Method,”
Nodong Sinmun
via the Uriminjokkiri website, December 25, 2006, in Korean.

81. KCBS, on February 16, 2002 (Kim’s birthday), in Korean, quoting that day’s
Nodong Sinmun
editorial titled “Let Us Brilliantly Realize the Cause of Building a Powerful State under Great Comrade Kim Jong-il’s Military-First Leadership.”

82. “Comrade Kim Jong-il’s Experience of War,” KCNA, October 1, 1997, in English.

83. “45th Anniversary of Kim Jong-il’s Start of
Songun
Revolutionary Leadership Marked,” KCNA, August 24, 2005, in English.

84. “ ‘Moving Story’ Associated with Chol Ridge,” KCNA, October 6, 1999, in English.

85. “I Will Tell Him Everything,”
Korea Today
via Naenara website, June 3, 2006, in English.

86. Choe Chil-nam and Pak Chol, “Sacred Three Years,”
Nodong Sinmun
, July 2, 1997, 3–4, in Korean.

87. “For an Invincibly Powerful State,”
Nodong Sinmun
, April 7, 2003 via KCNA, on the same date, in English.

88. “Kim Jong-il Authors 1,400-Odd Works during University Days,” KCNA, March 18, 2004, in English.

89. “Leader with Marvelous Memory,” KCNA, June 18, 2004, in English.

90. Han Song-ki, “Economic Ideology of Great Leader Comrade Kim Jong-il Is That of Juche Era’s Original and Scientific Ideology,”
Kyongje Yongu
, February 10, 2004, 5–7, in Korean.

91. “Exclamation of Researcher,”
Minju Choson
, September 29, 2004, 2, in Korean.

92. “Let Us Struggle Persistently by Taking Our Party’s Idea and Line As Faith,”
Nodong Sinmun
editorial (via KCNA), December 2, 2004, in Korean. In a 2006 update of the same idea, Kim is said to have been “perfectly on target” in formulating “all the hundreds and thousands” of policy lines. Kim Pyong-chin, “Great Comrade Kim Jong-il’s Military-First Revolutionary Chronicles Are Eternal Treasures for the Socialist Victory and Prosperity,”
Nodong Sinmun
, February 28, 2006, in Korean.

93. In his classic article on the use of Kim’s title “Party Center,” Morgan E. Clippinger lists the characteristics noted in the text as being ascribed to Kim in the North Korean press. See Clippinger, “Kim Chong-il in the North Korean Mass Media,” 289–309.

94. Early in his political career (by the end of the 1960s), Kim Jong-il was referred to as “Dear Leader Comrade” (
chinaehanun jidoja tongji
). Two days before his father’s death, he was referred to for the first time in
Nodong Sinmun
as
Yongdoja
(“leader”). Beginning in January 1995 he began to be referred to as
Widaehan Yongdoja
(“great leader”). See Young Whan Jo,
Maeu Tukpyolhan Inmul Kim Jong Il
[Very Special Person, Kim Jong-il] (Seoul: Jisik Kongjakso, 1996), 220–27, in Korean.

95. Kim Kum-son, “We Cannot Live Apart from the Bosom—Reciting the Epic Poem ‘Mother,’ ”
Nodong Sinmun
, October 9, 2003, 2, in Korean.

96. Toshio Miyatsuka,
Saishin Naibu Bunsho 150 Tsu wo Ura Yomu: Ganbaruzo! Kita Chosen
[Reading between the Lines of 150 of the Latest Internal Documents: Go! Go! North Korea] (Tokyo: Shogakukan, July 10, 2004), 62–93, in Japanese.

97. “Song of Faith That Will Remain Forever Generation after Generation,” KCBS, June 4, 2004, in Korean.

98. “Ri Po-ik,”
Korea Today
via the Naenara website, May 2, 2006, in English.

99. Choe Chong-hon, “The Fundamental Requirement of the Do-or-Die Spirit of Defending the Leader,”
Minju Choson
, February 20, 2001, 2, in Korean.

100. So Sung-uk, “Content of the Secret ‘Study Note’ Document,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, April 8, 2005, Internet version, in Korean.

101. “Korean People’s Noble Spirit of Defending Leader at Yongchon,” KCNA, April 28, 2004, in English.

102. Ho Yong-min, “The Spirit of Defending the Nerve Center with a Do-or-Die Spirit Is an Important Characteristic of the North’s Military and People,”
Nodong Sinmun
, October 23, 2002, 5, in Korean.

103. “Slogans Discovered on Trees Lauding Kim Chong-il,” KCNA, February 6, 1998, in English.

104. “The Respected Mother Is the Greatest of All Great Loyalists Infinitely Faithful to Comrade Supreme Commander,” lecture material from the KPA Publishing House dated August,
Juche
91 (2002), obtained from a Japanese source and published in South Korea by
Wolgan Chosun
(March 1, 2003): 120–30, in Korean.

105. “Workers’ Party of Korea Central Committee Secretariat Directive No. 0101,” September 25, 2005, published by
Wolgan Chosun
, no date available, in Korean.

Chapter 3: The Economic System

1. Song Hyon-chol, “State’s Centralized, Unified Leadership Is the Lifeline of Socialist Economy,”
Nodong Sinmun
, February 11, 2009, electronic edition, in Korean.

2. Institute for Far East Studies, “DPRK Economic Growth Estimates for 2006,” North Korean Economy Watch, August 22, 2007, www.nkeconwatch.com/2007/08/22/ dprk-economic-growth-estimates-for -2006. Also see Dick K. Nanto and Emma Chanlett-Avery, “The North Korean Economy: Overview and Policy Analysis,”
CRS Report for Congress
, April 18, 2007. Also personal correspondence with Bank of Korea staff.

3. Jo Dong-ho, “Aid Is Not the Same As Investment,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, August 21, 2007, Internet version, in English.

4. For a well-structured review of North Korea’s economic history into the 1990s, see Doowon Lee, “North Korean Economic Reform: Past Efforts and Future Prospects,” in
Reforming Asian Socialism: The Growth of Market Institutions
, ed. John McMillan and Barry Naughton (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 317–36.

5. KCBS, January 4, 2001, in Korean, citing a
Nodong Sinmun
editorial of the same date titled “Let Us Glorify This Year As a Year of New Turnaround by Upholding the Joint Editorial.”

6.
Nodong Sinmun
, March 29, 2001, 2, in Korean.

7. Kim Myong-chol, “The Central Tasks in This Year’s Socialist Economic Construction,”
Minju Choson
, February 22, 2001, 2, in Korean.

8. Song Kun-cho, “Modernizing Local Industry Plants with Up-to-Date Technology Is a Major Task Facing the Local Organs of Power,”
Minju Choson
, June 10, 2001, 2, in Korean.

9. Yi Tong-hyon, “
JoongAng Ilbo
Exclusive Summary of Kim Jong-il’s Instructions— Let Go of Free State Provisions That Need to Go,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, August 1, 2002, Internet version, in Korean. Also see “General Secretary Kim Orders Abolition of Principle of Equalization, Gratuitous Systems; Entire Picture of His Instructions Comes to Light,”
Kyodo Clue II
, June 27, 2004, Internet version, in Japanese; said to be based on North Korean internal documents.

10. “Glorify This Year That Greets the 90th Birthday of President Kim Il-sung As a Year of a New Surge in the Building of a Powerful Nation,”
People’s Korea
1903 (January 12, 2002): 2, in English.

11. “On Correctly Understanding the State Measure That Has Readjusted Overall Prices and Living Expenses,” lecture material from the Korean People’s Army Publishing House, July 2002, in Korean. For a published version of the document’s highlights, see Kim Kwang-in, “Internal Document on the ‘1 July Measure’; Special Military Allowance Introduced,” obtained by
Chosun Ilbo
, October 15, 2002, Internet version, in Korean.

12. Kim Chi-yong, “In Order to Become a Prosperous Country: Expectations and Support for the New Economic Policies,”
Choson Sinbo
, July 26, 2002, Internet version, in Japanese.

13. Ryu Kyong-won, “Merchants Spreading Delusions about the Enemy Using South Korean Goods; What Does the 2007 Market Control Particularly Mean?”
Rimjingang
, March 17, 2008, 82–96, in Korean.

14. Cabinet document released by Japanese NGO’s Rescue the North Korean People (RENK) website, December 14, 2004, www.bekkoame.ne.jp/ro/renk, in Japanese.

15. Kim Chi-yong, “Interview with Choe Hong-kyu, Director of the State Planning Commission: Achievements by Improving Economic Management,”
Choson Sinbo
, April 1, 2003, in Korean.

16. “ ‘Fatherland’s Market’: Hearing from Chang Tu-kil, Vice Director of the Commercial Department in the Ministry of Commerce—Significance of New Market,”
Choguk
(Tokyo), October 19, 2004, in Korean.