The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (96 page)

70
. “Individuals Importing Slaves, 1831–1833,” Orleans Parish Court Records, NOPL; Alison Goodyear Freehling,
Drift Toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–1832
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1982); Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil
, 373–374.

71
. Marshall’s speech: Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil
, 369.

72
. Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil
, 459.

73
. John Floyd, quoted in Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil
, 351; Freehling,
Drift Toward Dissolution
, 83;
Mobile Register
, November 7, 1831.

74
.
Mobile Register
, November 7, 1831; J. F. H. Claiborne,
Mississippi as Territory and State
(Jackson, MS, 1880), 1:385; ST, 267, 185–186.

75
. Annie Stanton, AS, 6.1 (AL), 354; Janet Duitsman Cornelius,
When I Can Read My Title Clear: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South
(Columbia, SC, 1991).

76
. Ephesians 6:5, Colossians 3:22; James Smylie,
Review of a Letter, from the Presbytery of Chillicothe, to the Presbytery of Mississippi, on the Subject of Slavery
(Woodville, MS, 1836), 3.

77
. For the 1835 rebellion scare, see Joshua Rothman,
Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson
(Athens, GA, 2011); Christopher C. Morris, “An Event in Community Organization: The Mississippi Slave Insurrection Scare of 1835,”
Journal of Social History
22, no. 1 (1988): 93–111; David Libby,
Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835
(Jackson, MS, 2004); James Lal Penick,
The Great Western Land Pirate: John A. Murrell in Legend and History
(Columbia, MO, 1981); Laurence Shore, “Making Mississippi Safe for Slavery: The Insurrectionary Panic of 1835,” in Orville Vernon Burton and Robert McMath, eds.,
Class, Conflict, and Consensus: Antebellum Southern Community Studies
(Westport, CT, 1982), 96–120.

78
. Israel Campbell,
An Autobiography, Bound and Free
(Philadelphia, 1861), 71–74; Rothman,
Flush Times.

CHAPTER 7. SEED: 1829–1837

1
. Jonathan F. Wendel, Curt L. Brubaker, and A. Edward Percival, “Genetic Diversity in
Gossypium hirsutum
and the Origin of Upland Cotton,”
American Journal of Botany
79, no. 11 (1992): 1291–1310.

2
. Cf.
Arkansas Gazette
, June 30, 1821.

3
. Tyre Glen to Isaac Jarratt, February 11, 1832, Box 2, Jarratt-Puryear Papers, Duke.

4
. Oakley Neils Durfee Barber, “Honor, Gender, Violence and the Life of Robert Potter” (Master’s thesis, Southwest Texas State University, 2000); Ernest Fischer,
Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy
(Gretna, LA, 1976); Harry L. Watson,
Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict: The Emergence of the Second American Party System in Cumberland County, North Carolina
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1981); Lacy K. Ford,
Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800–1860
(New York, 1988); Alexander Keyssar,
The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in America
(New York, 2000), 332.

5
. Edwin Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy in Mississippi
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1960); Craig T. Friend,
Along the Maysville Road: The Early American Republic in the Trans-Appalachian West
(Knoxville, TN, 2006); Joseph Tregle,
Louisiana in the Age of Jackson: A Clash of Cultures and Personalities
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1999).

6
. Ernest Shearer,
Robert Potter: Remarkable North Carolinian and Texan
(Houston, 1951), 9–12.

7
. Manuel Eisner, “Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime,”
Crime and Justice
30 (2003): 83–142, esp. 99; Randolph Roth,
American Homicide
(Cambridge, MA, 2009), 162–225.

8
. Shearer,
Robert Potter
, 12–28; Joseph Cheshire,
Nonnulla: Memories, Stories, Traditions, More or Less Authentic
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1930).

9
.
Richmond Enquirer
, September 30, 1831;
Indiana Democrat
, September 18, 1831;
Baltimore Patriot
, October 18, 1831; R. S. to John D. Hawkins, August 30, 1831, Fol. 48, Hawkins Family Papers, SHC.

10
. Robert Potter,
Mr. Potter’s Appeal to the Citizens of Nash, Warren, Franklin, and Granville
(Hillsborough, NC, 1831);
Richmond Enquirer
, March 27, 1832.

11
.
Richmond Enquirer
, December 28, 1831;
Baltimore Patriot
, July 28, 30, 1834, August 8, 1834;
Barre
(MA)
Farmers’ Gazette
, February 13, 1835;
Norfolk
(VA)
Advertiser
, March 14, 1835;
New Hampshire Patriot
, March 16, 1835; Shearer,
Robert Potter
, 34–36.

12
. Roth,
American Homicide
, 162–225.

13
. P. W. Alston to J. D. B. Hooper, December 22, 1833, John D. Hooper Papers, SHC; Wm. Hardies to Sarah Hardies, April 11, 1833, Fol. 1/5, BIELLER; D. McKenzie to Jn. McLaurin, March 29, 1838, August 23, 1845, Duncan McLaurin Papers, Duke; Wm. Southgate to Wm. P. Smith, May 17, 1837, Wm. P. Smith Papers, Duke; B. F. Duvall to Martha Wattairs, May 2, 1843, Box 2, James Tutt Papers, Duke; D. Ker to J. Ker, August 1, 1817, Ker Papers, SHC; NOP, March 19, 1837, July 5, 1846; cf. Jos. Hazard to I. Hazard, November 30, 1841, Hazard Company, LLMVC; Sam Sutton to Fred. Harris, August 14, 1820, Frederick Harris Papers, Duke; L. Taylor to W. H. Hatchett, September 26, 1836, William Hatchett Papers, Duke; Letter of August 24, 1823, David Leech Papers, Duke.

14
. Henry Benjamin Whipple,
Bishop Whipple’s Southern Diary, 1843–1844
, ed. Lester B. Shippee (Minneapolis, 1937), 24–25; C. A. Hentz Diary, vol. 1, February 24, 1849, Hentz Papers, SHC; Lewis Clarke, ST, 157; cf. Wm. Slack to Ch. Slack, December 1838, Slack Papers, SHC.

15
. John Pelham to E. Dromgoole, February 20, 1833, Dromgoole Papers, SHC.

16
. H. Watson to Mother, December 2, 1836, Henry Watson Papers, Duke; Edward E. Baptist,
Creating an Old South: Middle Florida’s Plantation Frontier Before the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2002), 103–105; J. F. H. Claiborne,
Mississippi as Territory and State
(Jackson, MS, 1880), 361–414.

17
.
Natchez Gazette
, May 11, 1832; Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy
, 45.

18
. Claiborne,
Mississippi
, 423–427.

19
. NR, March 12, 1825.

20
. Webster to Mrs. Webster, February 19, 1829, in Daniel Webster,
Private Correspondence
(Boston, 1857), 1:470; Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of
American Freedom, 1822–1832
(New York, 1981); Edwin Miles, “The First People’s Inaugural—1829,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
37 (1978).

21
. James Parton,
Life of Jackson
(New York, 1860), 3:169–170.

22
. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and American Freedom
, 2:132; Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy
(New York, 1984), 227–230; James Wyly to J. K. Polk, January 11, 1833, JKP, 2:15–17.

23
. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and American Freedom
, 200.

24
. A. Jackson to J. Overton, June 8, 1829,
The Papers of Andrew Jackson
, ed. Sam B. Smith and Harriet Fason Chappell Owsley (Knoxville, TN, 1980), 7:270–271.

25
. NR, March 8, 1828, 19–22. Historians still argue about whether or not the plot existed, and if so, what it entailed: Michael P. Johnson, “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., vol. 58, no. 4 (2001): 915–976; James O’Neil Spady, “Power and Confession: On the Credibility of the Earliest Reports of the Denmark Vesey Conspiracy,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., vol. 68 (2011): 287–304.

26
. Nicholas Biddle to J. Harper, January 9, 1829, 67–68; Wm. Lewis to Biddle, October 16, 1829, 79–80,
The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle Dealing with National Affairs, 1807–1844
, ed. Reginald McGrane (Boston, 1919).

27
. Margaret Bayard Smith to Maria Kirkpatrick, March 12, 1829, in Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The First Forty Years of Washington Society in the Family Letters of Margaret Bayard Smith
(New York, 1906), 424.

28
. Historians often misidentify southwestern anti-Jackson politicians as “nullifiers.” Most, like Poindexter, were simply Jackson-haters: Elizabeth Varon,
Disunion: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2008), 55–57. For nullification, among many other excellent works, see Brian Schoen,
The Fragile Fabric of Union: Cotton, Federal Politics, and the Global Origins of the Civil War
(Baltimore, 2009).

29
. Kirsten Wood, “One Woman So Dangerous to the Public Morals: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,”
JER
17 (1997): 237–275; Anthony F. C. Wallace,
The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians
(New York, 1993).

30
. CHSUS, Ca 9–19.

31
.
Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle
, 93.

32
. J. Springs to Wife, September 23, 1806, Springs Papers, SHC.

33
. H. B. Trist to N. Trist, May 18, 1825, Nicholas Trist Papers, SHC; Undated note, Fol. 1824, A. P. Walsh Papers, Louisiana State University.

34
. Fritz Redlich,
The Molding of American Banking: Men and Ideas
(New York, 1968), 1:270fn8–9; Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 365.

35
. I. Franklin (IF) to R. C. Ballard (RB), January 9, 1832, February 10, 1832, Fol. 4 & 5, RCB.

36
.
Baltimore Patriot
, January 1, 1829; Richard H. Kilbourne,
Slave Agriculture and Financial Markets in Antebellum America: The Bank of the United States in Mississippi, 1831–1852
(London, 2006).

37
. Wilentz,
Rise of American Democracy
, 366; Redlich,
Molding of American Banking
, 1:21; Biddle to Thomas Swann, March 17, 1824, Exhibit No. 1-L, p. 297, in report of the Senate Committee on Finance, 23rd Cong., 2nd sess., Congressional Serial Set.

38
. March 19, 1832, Discounts A-L #1, vol. 19, Bank of the United States (Natchez Branch) Records, LLMVC; Bank of Mississippi, RASP; US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, 1830 Census, Adams County, MS; Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy
, 23; Martha Brazy,
An American Planter: Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez and New York
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2006), 20–21; Robert Roeder, “New Orleans Merchants, 1790–1837” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1959); Ralph Catterall,
The Second Bank of the United States
(Chicago, 1902), 137–143.