The Great Cholesterol Myth (46 page)

New York Times
,
22
,
37
,
60
,
70

niacin,
130
,
137
–138,
138
–139

nicotinamide,
137

nitric oxide,
145
,
185
,
187

NMR LipoProfile test,
62
,
171

noradrenaline,
56

North Karelia,
35

nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB),
101
,
107

Nurses’ Health Study,
19
,
27
,
74
,
87
,
179
,
184
,
185

nuts,
184
–185

O

obesity

conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and,
180
–181

fructose and,
71

inflammation and,
44

insulin resistance and,
59
–60,
60
–61,
64
,
66

pandemics,
20
,
38

sugar and,
58
,
67
–68

uric acid and,
71

olive oil,
189
–190

Oliver, Michael,
41

omega-3 fatty acids.
See also
fats.

balance of,
74
,
77
,
90
,
181

blood pressure and,
130
,
141
,
142

double bond,
90

inflammation and,
127
,
142

low-fat diets and,
92
–93

MRFIT study,
92

polyunsaturated fats,
73
,
90

source of,
127
,
142
,
182
–183

statins and,
108

supplements,
127
,
142

triglycerides and,
130
,
141
,
142

types,
90
–91

omega-6 fatty acids.
See also
fats.

balance of,
74
,
77
,
90
,
181

beef and,
183
–184

double bond,
90

inflammation and,
74
,
90
,
91
,
181
–182

linoleic acid,
92

low-fat diets and,
92
–93

MRFIT study,
92

polyunsaturated fats,
73
,
90

sources of,
181
,
182
,
183
–184,
189

Ornish, Dean,
66
–67,
92

osteoporosis,
122
,
135

Overdosed America
(John Abramson),
99
,
125

oxidation

aging and,
20
–21

beans and,
186

berries and,
183

coenzyme Q
₁₀
(CoQ
₁₀
) and,
103
,
129
–130

curcumin and,
187

garlic and,
190

homocysteine and,
174

inflammation and,
45
–46,
53
,
63

iron and,
172

L-carnitine and,
134

LDL cholesterol and,
52
,
53

linoleic acid and,
92

nuts and,
185

olive oil and,
189
,
190

pantethine and,
142

resveratrol and,
145
,
188

statins and,
116
,
121

unsaturated fats and,
76

vitamin C and,
143

vitamin E and,
139
,
140

oxytocin,
109
–110

P

pancreas,
57

pantethine,
142
–143

parasympathetic nervous system,
162

Pennebaker, James,
194

Penny George Institute for Health and Healing,
122

People’s Pharmacy
(Teresa and Joe Graedon),
111

Pescatore, Fred,
85

Pfizer company,
116

pharmaceuticals.
See also
statins.

absolute versus relative risk,
114

antidepressants,
110

ASCOT-LLA study and,
115
–116

AstraZeneca,
116
,
118

Celebrex,
183

cholestyramine,
41

Crestor,
109
,
118
,
120

fibrates,
96

Glucophage,
127

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and,
59

LDL levels and,
50

L-dopa,
174

Lexapro,
110

Lipitor,
104
,
112
,
114
,
115
–116

marketing,
16
,
50
,
95
,
108
,
116
,
126
,
127

Merck company,
27

metformin,
127

methotrexate,
174

National Cholesterol Education Program and,
32

Pfizer company,
116

Pravachol,
115
,
117

pravastatin,
115
,
117

profits from,
27

Prozac,
110

Schering-Plough company,
27

side-effects,
95
,
97

theophylline,
174

Vioxx,
183

Vytorin,
26
–27

Zocor,
103
,
116
,
117

Zoloft,
110

Physicians’ Health Study,
184
,
185

phytonutrients,
185

Pinckney, Edward,
98
,
99

pituitary gland,
147

plaque,
29
,
52
,
53
,
66
,
120
,
158
,
183
,
190

plasmin,
144

platelet aggregation,
136
,
142

playtime,
194
–195

Plotnikoff, Gregory,
122

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
182

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),
109

polymeal,
185

polyphenols,
188
,
189

polyunsaturated fats.
See also
fats.

double bonds,
73

eicosanoids and,
90

omega-3 fatty acids as,
73
,
90

omega-6 fatty acids as,
73
,
90

saturated fat compared to,
87

study of,
84
,
87

substituting carbohydrates for,
87

vegetable oils and,
89

pomegranate juice,
187

Power of Clan, The
(Stewart Wolf and John Bruhn),
151

Pravachol,
115
,
117

pravastatin,
115
,
117

Price, Weston A.,
20

primary prevention,
114

Pritikin Longevity Center,
66

Pritikin, Nathan,
66

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
129

processed carbohydrates,
20
,
38
,
58
,
59
,
62
,
63
,
77
,
87
,
92
,
177
,
179
,
179

processed meats,
181

progesterone,
46
,
48
,
109
,
121

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases,
143
,
145

Progress in Lipid Research,
93

Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER),
117
–118,
123

Protein Power diet,
19

proteins

advanced glycation end products (AGEs),
63

apolipoprotein,
173
,
177

C-reactive protein (CRP),
96
,
118
,
131
,
171
–172,
179

fibrinogen,
144
,
172
,
188

glycation and,
63

high-protein diets,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
64

lipoprotein(a),
62
,
130
,
138

sugar and,
58
,
63

VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein),
15

Prozac,
110

pterostilbene,
183

Q

Q
₁₀
.
See
Coenzyme Q
₁₀
.

Queen Elizabeth College,
64

R

raspberries,
183

Rader, Daniel,
29
–30

Ravnskov, Uffe,
65
,
116

Reaven, Gerald,
61

red wine,
187
–188

refractory angina,
132

relative risk,
114

“Relaxation Response,” 191,
192

Relyea, Rick,
147

resveratrol,
143
,
145
,
188

rheumatoid arthritis,
45

Rockefeller University,
42

“Roseto Effect,” 149–150

Rosuvastatin,
118

Russia,
33

S

salt.
See
sodium.

Samuel, Varman,
70

San Diego School of Medicine,
97

Sapolsky, Robert,
148

“Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates, and Cardiovascular Disease” study,
80
–81

“Saturated Fat Prevents Coronary Artery Disease? An American Paradox?” report,
87

saturated fats.
See also
fats.

Atkins diet and,
19

benefits of,
88

carbohydrates and,
17
,
83
–84,
88
,
89

cholesterol and,
79
,
80
,
83

definition of,
73

dietary guidelines and,
17

HDL cholesterol and,
74
,
79
,
83

heart disease and,
79
,
80

high-carb, low-fat diets and,
18
,
92
–93

inflammation and,
77

insulin resistance and,
77

LDL cholesterol and,
74
,
79

lipid hypothesis and,
14

liver and,
88

polyunsaturated fat compared to,
87

reputation of,
76
,
77
,
79
,
80

sources of,
74

stability of,
76

studies on,
20
,
34
–35,
80
–81,
87

trans fats compared to,
20

Scanu, Angelo,
50
–51

Schering-Plough company,
27

Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute,
61

Sears, Barry,
18
,
56

secondary prevention,
114

Seely, Stephen,
175

Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs,
35

Selye, Hans,
151
–152

Seneff, Stephanie,
94
–95,
96
,
105
,
106
,
120

Seven Countries Study,
33
,
34
–35

Sevin pesticide,
146
–147

sex hormones,
46
,
48
,
97
,
109
–110,
121

sexual activity,
193
–194

Shechter, Michael,
178

silent myocardial ischemia,
163
–164

Sinatra, Stephen,
15

Sinclair, Upton,
27

Siri-Tarino, Patty,
80

Smith, Russell,
96
,
97
–98

“Snackwell Phenomenon,” 38

sodium,
58
,
181

South Beach Diet, The
(Arthur Agatston),
136

sports,
194

Stanford University,
61

Stanhope, Kimber,
177

statins.
See also
pharmaceuticals.

absolute versus relative risk,
114

Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) study,
115
–116,
123

Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) study,
115
,
123

benefits of,
96
,
97
,
108
,
112
,
115
,
121
,
123
–125

brain and,
110

cancer and,
111

Coenzyme Q
₁₀
(CoQ
₁₀
) and,
24
,
97
,
103
,
105
,
127
,
130

Crestor,
109
,
118
,
120

diabetes and,
111

erectile dysfunction (ED) and,
109

function of,
100
–101

Heart Protection Study (HPS),
116
–117

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and,
101

inflammation and,
25
,
96
,
107

Japanese Lipid Intervention Trial,
117