The Great Cholesterol Myth (42 page)

3
. Robert Sapolsky, “Stress and Your Body,” Lecture 3, The Great Courses: Teaching Company.

4
. World Heart Federation, “Hypertension,” World Heart Federation,
www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/hypertension
.

5
. Robert Sapolsky, “Stress and Your Body” (Lecture 3, The Great Courses: Teaching Company).

6
. Medical News Today, “Mental Stress Raises Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Adults,” Medical News Today, November 23, 2005,
www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/34047.php
.

7
. Miranda Hitti, “Cut Stress, Help Your Cholesterol,”
WebMD Health News
, November 22, 2005,
www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/news/20051122/cut-stress-help-your-cholesterol
.

8
. A.H. Glassman et al., “Psychiatric Characteristics Associated with Long-Term Mortality Among 361 Patients Having an Acute Coronary Syndrome and Major Depression: Seven-Year Follow-Up of SADHART Participants,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
66, no. 9 (2009): 1022–29.

9
. A.H. Glassman, “Depression and Cardiovascular Comorbidity,”
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
9, no. 1 (2007): 9–17.

10
. Stephen Sinatra,
Heart Break and Heart Disease
(Chicago: Keats Publishing, 1996).

11
. Rana Foroohar, “The Optimist: Why Warren Buffet Is Bullish on America,”
Time
, January 23, 2012.

12
. Ibid.

1
. Johns Hopkins Medicine, “The New Blood Lipid Tests—Sizing Up LDL Cholesterol,” Johns Hopkins Health Alerts, last modified on June 13, 2008,
www.johnshopkinshealthalerts.com/reports/heart_health/1886-1.html
.

2
. James J. Stec et al., “Association of Fibrinogen with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Population,”
Circulation
102, no. 14 (2000): 1634–38.

3
. Ibid; Lisa Nainggolan, “Fibrinogen Tests Should Be Used for Additional Information when Assessing Cardiovascular Disease,”
Heartwire
, October 3, 2000,
www.theheart.org/article/180167.do
.

4
. Stec et al., “Association of Fibrinogen with Cardiovascular Risk Factors.”

5
. J.T. Salonen et al., “High Stored Iron Levels Are Associated with Excess Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Eastern Finnish Men,”
Circulation
86, no. 3 (1992): 803–11; Lawrence K. Altman, “High Level of Iron Tied to Heart Risk,”
New York Times
, September 8, 1992.

6
. Salonen et al., “High Stored Iron Levels.”

7
. Vitamin C Foundation, “Statins Can Damage Your Health,” Vitamin C Foundation,
www.vitamincfoundation.org/statinalert
.

8
.
H. Refsum et al., “The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A Community-Based Study of Homocysteine, Its Determinants, and Associations with Disease,”
Journal of Nutrition
136, no. 6 (2006): 1731S–40S; Homocystein Studies Collaboration, “Homocysteine and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Meta-Analysis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
288, no. 16 (2002): 2015–22; D.S. Wald et al., “Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence on Casualty from a Meta-Analysis,”
British Medical Journal
325, no. 7374 (2002): 1202.

9
. D.S. Wald et al., “The Dose-Response Relation Between Serum Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Treatment and Screening,”
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
11, no. 3 (2004): 250–53.

10
. Moti Haim et al., “Serum Homocysteine and Long-Term Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,”
Cardiology
107, no. 1 (2007): 52–56.

11
. Mark Houston,
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Heart Disease
(New York: Grand Central Life & Style, 2012).

12
. S. Seely, “Is Calcium Excess in Western Diet a Major Cause of Arterial Disease?”
International Journal of Cardiology
33, no. 2 (1991): 191–98.

13
. Udo Hoffmann, Thomas J. Brady, and James Muller, “Use of New Imaging Techniques to Screen for Coronary Artery Disease,”
Circulation
108 (2003): e50–e53

14
. Ibid.

15
. Kimber L. Stanhope et al., “Consumption of Fructose and High-Fructose Corn Syrup Increase Postprandial Triglycerides, LDL-Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein-B in Young Men and Women,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
96, no. 10 (2011): E1596–605; Science Daily, “Fructose Consumption Increases Risk Factors for Heart Disease: Study Suggests US Dietary Guideline for Upper Limit of Sugar Consumption Is Too High,”
Science Daily
, July 28, 2011,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110728082558.htm
; Kimber L. Stanhope and Peter J. Havel, “Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Consuming Beverages Sweetened with Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, or High-Fructose Corn Syrup,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
88, no. 6 (2008): 1733S–37S.

16
. S. Sieri et al., “Dietary Glycemic Load and Index and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in a large Italian Cohort: The EPICOR Study,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
12, no. 170 (2010): 640–47.

17
. Tel Aviv University, “How High Carbohydrate Foods Can Raise Risk For Heart Problems,”
ScienceDaily
, June 25, 2009, retrieved February 8, 2012, from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090625133215.htm

18
. Science Daily, “How High Carbohydrate Foods Can Raise Risk for Heart Problems,” Science Daily, June 25, 2009, retrieved February 8, 2012,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090625133215.htm
.

19
. Simin Liu et al., “Relation Between a Diet with a High Glycemic Load and Plasma Concentrations of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Middle-Aged Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
75, no. 3 (2002): 492–98.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Charlene Laino, “Trans Fats Up Heart Disease Risk,”
WebMD Health News
, November 15, 2006,
www.webmd.com/heart/news/20061115/heart-disease-risk-upped-by-trans-fats
.

22
. Frank B. Hu et al., “Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
337, no. 21 (1997): 1491–99.

23
. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies,
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
(Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2005), 504.

24
. Harvard School of Public Health, “Eating Processed Meats, but Not Unprocessed Red Meats, May Raise Risk of Heart Disease and Diabetes,” news release, May 17, 2010,
www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/2010-releases/processed-meats-unprocessed-heart-disease-diabetes.html
.

25
.
Ibid.

26
. Jonny Bowden,
The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth
(Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press, 2007).

27
. L. Zhang et al., “Pterostilbene Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo,”
Apoptosis
17, no. 1 (2012): 25–36.

28
. H.C. Ou et al., “Ellagic Acid Protects Endothelial Cells from Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS Pathway,”
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
248, no. 2 (2010): 134–43.

29
. H.C. Hung et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
96, no. 21 (2004): 1577–84.

30
. Ibid.

31
. F.J. He et al., “Increased Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables Is Related to a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies,”
Journal of Human Hypertension
21, no. 9 (2007): 717–28.

32
. F.J. He et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Stroke: Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies,”
The Lancet
367, no. 9507 (2006): 320–26.

33
. H.C. Hung et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
96, no. 21 (2004): 1577–84.

34
. Bowden,
The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth
.

35
. Dariush Mozaffarian et al., “Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Men and Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
364, no. 25 (2011): 2392–404.

36
. Marian Burros, “Eating Well; Pass the Nuts, Pass Up the Guilt,”
New York Times
, January 15, 2003.

37
. Oscar H. Franco et al., “The Polymeal: A More Natural, Safer, and Probably Tastier (than the Polypill) Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease by More Than 75%,”
British Medical Journal
329, no. 7480 (2004): 1447.

38
. D.M. Winham et al., “Pinto Bean Consumption Reduces Biomarkers for Heart Disease Risk,”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
26, no. 3 (2007): 243–49.

39
. E.K. Kabagambe et al., “Decreased Consumption of Dried Mature Beans Is Positively Associated with Urbanization and Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction,”
Journal of Nutrition
135, no. 7 (2005): 1770–75.

40
. Bazzano et al., “Legume Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Men and Women,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
161, no. 21 (2001): 2573–78.

41
. Adriana Buitrago-Lopez et al., “Chocolate Consumption and Cardiometabolic Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”
British Medical Journal
343 (2011): d4488.

42
. S. Desch et al., “Effect of Cocoa Products on Blood Pressure: Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Abstract,
American Journal of Hypertension
23, no. 1 (2010): 97–103.

43
. Brian Buijsse et al., “Cocoa Intake, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Mortality,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
166, no. 4 (2006): 411–17.

44
. Michael Aviram et al., “Pomegranate Juice Consumption Reduces Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Modifications to LDL, and Platelet Aggregation: Studies in Humans and in Atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
71, no. 5 (2000): 1062–76; Michael Aviram et al., “Pomegranate Juice Flavonoids Inhibit Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases: Studies in Atherosclerotic Mice and in Humans,”
Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research
28, no. 2–3 (2002): 49–62.

45
. Michael Aviram et al., “Pomegranate Juice Consumption for 3 Years by Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis Reduces Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Blood Pressure and LDL Oxidation,”
Clinical Nutrition
23, no. 3 (2004): 423–33.

46
. L.J. Ignarro et al., “Pomegranate Juice Protects Nitric Oxide Against Oxidative Destruction and Enhances the Biological Actions of Nitric Oxide,”
Nitric Oxide
15, no. 2 (2006): 93–102.

47
.
D.K. Das et al., “Cardioprotection of Red Wine: Role of Polyphenolic Antioxidants,”
Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research
25, nos. 2–3 (1999): 115–20.

48
. V. Ivanov at al., “Red Wine Antioxidants Bind to Human Lipoproteins and Protect them from Metal Ion-Dependent and Independent Oxidation,”
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
49, no. 9 (2001): 4442–49; M. Aviram and B. Fuhrman, “Wine Flavonoids Protect Against LDL Oxidation and Atherosclerosis,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
957 (2002): 146–61.

49
. A. Lugasi et al., “Cardio-Protective Effect of Red Wine as Reflected in the Literature,” Abstract,
Orvosi Hetilap
138, no. 11 (1997): 673–78; T.S. Saleem and S.D. Basha, “Red Wine: A Drink to Your Heart,”
Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
1, no. 4 (2010): 171–76.

50
. Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos et al., “Mediterranean Diet and Inflammatory Response in Myocardial Infarction Survivors,”
International Journal of Epidemiology
38, no. 3 (2009): 856–66.

51
. J. Sano, “Effects of Green Tea Intake on the Development of Coronary Artery Disease,”
Circulation Journal
68, no. 7 (2004): 665–70.

52
. Stephen L. Duffy, “Short- and Long-Term Black Tea Consumption Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease,”
Circulation
104 (2001): 151–56.

53
. Medscape, “Black Tea Shown to Improve Blood Vessel Health,”
Medscape News
, July 17, 2001,
www.medscape.com/viewarticle/411324
.

54
. Antonia Trichopoulou et al., “Mediterranean Diet and Survival Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in Greece,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
165, no. 8 (2005): 929–35.

55
. Aldo Ferrera et al., “Olive Oil and Reduced Need for Antihypertensive Medications,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
160, no. 6 (2000): 837–42.

56
. Science Daily, “Olive Oil Contains Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent,” Science Daily, September 6, 2005,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050906075427.htm
.

57
. American Botanical Council, “Garlic,” Herbalgram,
http://cms.herbalgram.org/expandedE/Garlic.html
.

58
. Jonny Bowden,
The Most Effective Natural Cures on Earth
(Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press, 2008).

59
. J.W.Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford Press, 1997); J. Frattaroli, “Experimental Disclosure and Its Moderators: A Meta-Analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin
132, no. 6 (2006): 823–65.